Carbon-core/TiO 2 -sheath nanofibers have been fabricated from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/TiO 2 composite nanofibers that were prepared by electrospinning an aqueous solution of PVA and introducing the thread-like droplets directly into a titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)/heptane solution. The PVA/TiO 2 composite nanofibers were transformed into carbon/TiO 2 nanofibers by iodine vapor treatment at 353K, which induced dehydration of PVA, followed by carbonization in N 2 at 873K. The carbon/TiO 2 nanofibers had diameters of a few hundred nanometers and sheathes of tens of nanometers. The nanofibers were composed of carbon cores with a low degree of graphitization and TiO 2 sheaths with an anatase crystal structure. The electrical conductivity of the carbon/TiO 2 composite nanofibers was enhanced by 4 orders of magnitude compared with TiO 2 hollow nanofibers.