Although lead exposure has steadily decreased in the last few years, some lead is still used in the metal processing industry, mostly for wall paints and plumbing. Recent studies on children showed neurobehavioral effects of low-level exposure, but little is known about the neurocognitive effects of lead concentrations in the upper reference range on adults. The neuropsychological effects of lead exposure were examined in 39 adult outpatients at the Unit of Environmental Medicine (UEM), University Hospital, Aachen, Germany. All patients underwent a comprehensive medical examination, including psychiatric. Venous blood and urine samples were collected and tested for heavy metals and selenium. Since the neuropsychological examination was not expected to reveal any severe abnormalities, only specific attentiveness functions were analyzed (alertness, working memory, flexibility, intermodal comparison) since these areas were the likeliest to show objectifiable effects. The tests were conducted using a standardized computerized battery.