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Objective: To look for any differences in attitudes to menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) between Asian and Caucasian women standardised for educational background, socio-economic status and access to medical information. Method: Self administered postal questionnaire sent to 144 women doctors (general practitioners) in defined geographical areas. Results: The overall response rate was...
Background: To understand the effect of sequential combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the postmenopausal endometrium. Methods: Sonographic endometrial thickness, endometrial histopathology, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis and the level of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were studied. Results: One hundred and thirty-eight postmenopausal women were enrolled in this study. Among...
Objective: To determine the effects of oral sequential hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on lipid-profile in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women. Methods: We performed a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The trial was double blind with respect to 17β-estradiol/desogestrel (17β-E-D) and placebo and open with respect to conjugated estrogens/norgestrel (CEE-N). A total of...
Objective: To evaluate the effect of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) on blood pressure (BP) in postmenopausal hypertensive women. Methods: Sixty women affected by hypertension were enrolled and randomized in two groups of treatment: transdermal continuous HRT in a sequential regimen (group A) and placebo (group P). At baseline, after 3 and 6 months of treatment, the BP with standard sphygmomanometer...
Objectives: It is thought that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) stimulates bone formation. We aimed to determine the effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on serum IGF-I levels and to investigate the effects of basal IGF-I levels on the levels obtained at the end of the therapy. Methods: Sixty-six postmenopausal women were administered either oral (n=44) or transdermal...
Objective: The efficacy and safety of chlormadinone acetate (CA) versus micronized progesterone (P) were assessed in non-hysterectomized postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, parallel group study with a 6-month double-blind period followed by a 12-month open period. Patients were randomized to receive every month during 18 months percutaneous 17β-estradiol...
Objectives: To assess the prevalence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) among Norwegian women and examine factors related to use. Materials and methods: A random sample of 18,199 Norwegian women aged 45-64 years responded to a postal questionnaire in 1996-1997. The questionnaire included questions about menstruation status and fertility, oral contraceptives (OC) and HRT use, lifestyle, health and...
Objectives: to evaluate the effects of different types of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on mammographic density in postmenopausal women. Methods: In a prospective 1-year study, 121 healthy postmenopausal women were allocated to one of the following five study groups: twenty-six women were treated with continuous transdermal 17beta-estradiol 50 mcg/die plus acetate nomegestrolo 5 mg/die sequentially...
Objectives: We compared two different continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) regimens of estradiol valerate (E 2 V) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) with a combination of micronized estradiol (E 2 ) and norethisterone acetate (NETA) to determine bleeding pattern, control of climacteric symptoms, lipid profile, endometrial and general safety in a 1-year multicenter...
Objectives: connective tissues constitutive of skin and bones are affected during the climacteric. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can help mitigate their atrophy. The aim of this study was to compare the HRT effect on the skin tensile properties and bone mass density. Methods: a total of 120 postmenopausal women (60 untreated, 60 receiving HRT) were enrolled in the study. Skin tensile properties...
Women suffer more often from depression than males, indicating that hormones might be involved in the etiology of this disease. Low as well as high testosterone (T) levels are related to depression and well-being in women, T plasma levels correlate to depression in a parabolic curve: at about 0.4-0.6 ng/ml plasma free T a minimum of depression is detected. Lower levels are related to depression, osteoporosis,...
Women treated for genital cancer are not only suffering from the disease itself, but are in most cases confronted with the side effects of the loss of ovarian function. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for the gynecologist, who cares for these patients, to strongly consider the benefits and drawbacks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in these women. Overall, it appears, that in women with...
Objectives: On the basis of epidemiological and experimental data, it has been supposed that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) inhibits atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. This randomized controlled trial examined whether 1 mg 17β-estradiol daily, combined cyclically with 0.025 mg gestodene in every month (HRT 1), or in every third month (HRT 2) slows the increase of intima-media thickness in...
Objectives: Hormone oral contraceptives affected ascorbic acid status adversely in young women. In vitro, estrogens and progesterone inhibited ascorbic acid accumulation in intestinal cells. This is a pilot study to examine the relation between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and plasma ascorbic acid levels among a group of healthy non-smoking postmenopausal women. Methods: Healthy non-smoking postmenopausal...
Objectives: To determine the levels of progesterone in plasma, red cells and saliva as well as pregnanediol-3-glucuronide excretion in postmenopausal women using transdermal progesterone creams. Methods: A double-blind placebo controlled study was carried out using 24 postmenopausal women. Creams (placebo, 20 or 40 mg progesterone/g) were applied twice daily for 3 weeks followed by 1 week without...
Objectives: To determine the endometrial response in postmenopausal women treated with a sequential hormone replacement therapy (HRT) of estradiol and, either chlormadinone acetate (CA) or micronized progesterone (MP). Methods: Three hundred and thirty-six postmenopausal women with a normal endometrium were randomized in the double-blind study. All patients received percutaneous estradiol 1.5 mg/day...
Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of a low-dose combination of estradiol (E 2 ) and norethisterone acetate (NETA) on bone markers, lipid and bleeding profiles and menopausal symptoms. Method: Ninety-six healthy Chinese postmenopausal women were allocated randomly to receive 1 mg E 2 /0.5 mg NETA (low-dose hormone replacement therapy (HRT)) or 2 mg E 2 /1 mg NETA (high-dose...
Objective: to compare the effect of 0.3 and 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens on bone mineral density (BMD) in a private practice setting. Methods: postmenopausal women interested in hormone replacement therapy were prescribed either 0.3 or 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens daily with 10 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate days 1-12 of the month. All women were given calcium citrate 1000 mg/day and...
Objectives: Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and homocysteine (Hcy) are independent cardiovascular risk factors, which have been shown to be lowered by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). In this 2-year study, the long-term effects of raloxifene (Rlx) in two doses, on Lp(a) and Hcy, were studied and compared with the effects of continuously combined hormone replacement therapy (ccHRT). Methods: In a prospective,...
Objective: To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of a new 7-day transdermal sequential estradiol/levonorgestrel patch (Fem7(R) Combi; Merck KGaA; Germany), versus placebo, as hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. Methods: A multicentre, randomized, clinical study consisting of a 3-week screening phase, a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment phase, and a 12-week open,...
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