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Fear of weight gain is one of the main factors contributing to the poor compliance seen with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Although an increase in weight can be a result of rehydration, (which in turn may alleviate some of the effects of skin ageing), many women consider weight gain to be cosmetically unacceptable. Moreover, excess body weight or certain patterns of body fat distribution can...
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of long-term combined sexual hormone replacement therapy on the biomechanical properties of the small artery wall in castrated female rats. Methods: 30 non-pregnant mature female Sprague-Dawley rats were pharmacologically ovariectomized with 750 μg/kg triptorelin im. every 4th week. Ten of them received combined hormone replacement...
Objective: To examine the efficacy and tolerability of a new matrix patch delivering estradiol (E2 Matrix) at doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg per day (Estraderm MX(R) 50, 100) in the treatment of moderate to severe postmenopausal symptoms. Methods: A total of 254 postmenopausal women were randomized to receive treatment with E2 Matrix 0.10 mg (N=86), E2 Matrix 0.05 mg (N=82), or placebo (N=86) in a double-blind,...
Objectives: Bone mineral density (BMD) and development of osteoporosis are partly determined by genetic factors. The associations between one of suggested candidate, apolipoprotein E (apo E) genotype to bone mineral density (BMD) and bone biochemical markers was studied in 464 subjects recruited from a population-based group of early postmenopausal women (n=13 100). Additionally, the influence of...
Objective: to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of oral estriol for the treatment of climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women. Methods: 68 postmenopausal women with climacteric symptoms received oral estriol, 2 mg/day, daily for 12 months. We evaluated the degree of climacteric complaints with estriol therapy; serum levels of gonadotropins, estradiol (E 2 ) and lipids; biochemical...
Objective: To investigate the relationship between the timing of withdrawal bleeding on hormone replacement therapy and the state of the endometrium. Design: Double-blind, prospectively randomised dose-ranging study. Setting: Menopause clinics in the UK and the Netherlands. Subjects: Two hundred and seventy one postmenopausal women aged 40-60. Interventions: Administration of six 28-day treatment...
Objective: To identify the psychosocial factors that influence the intention to adopt hormone replacement therapy (HRT) at menopause. Methods: Random Digit Dialing was used to recruit 644 premenopausal non-hysterectomized women aged 45-54. Data were collected using a telephone questionnaire previously developed according to the theory of planned behaviour. Variables measured were: intention to adopt...
Objective: Patient's acceptability, compliance, and effectiveness of a new sequential hormone replacement regimen containing 2 mg 17β-estradiol and 10 mg dydrogesterone, were assessed in a 3-month, open, multicentre study involving 110 menopausal women. Methods: A specially designed menopause score was used to assess the severity of menopausal symptoms, each symptom being graded at baseline and after...
Objectives: To study whether dose adjustments in transdermal estradiol gel treatment would result in proportional changes in estradiol bioavailability and concentrations. Methods: In an open study, 23 healthy postmenopausal women were treated consecutively with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg estradiol daily as a transdermal gel. Each dose was given for 16 days. Venous blood samples for serum estradiol and estrone...
Objectives: This study was performed to determine whether skin pigmentation is darkened after hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Methods: The color of hyperpigmentary lesions and control sites before and after 1, 2, and 3 months of HRT was measured. Results: All of the three tested sites showed no significant pigment alteration in 3 months of follow up after starting HRT (P>0.05). Age, duration...
Estrogens have a profound influence on skin. The hypoestrogenism occurring after the menopause leads to measured deterioration in the skin. Estrogen receptors have been identified in the skin and the concentration of these receptors varies in the different parts of the body. Estrogen improves skin in more than one way, the collagen content and quality is improved, skin thickness is increased, while...
To analyse the relationship between nocturnal micturition and health in 40- to 64-year-old women. A questionnaire study was carried out in 3669 randomly selected women (out of 6000 invited) in the County of Jamtland, Sweden. Questions were asked about the general health status of health, health development during the last 5 years, nocturnal micturition, parity, menstrual status, menopausal symptoms,...
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of sequential continuous hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on myoma size and on pulsatility index (PI) of uterine arteries and to verify the correlation between uterine artery flow impedance and the growth rate of myoma in women receiving HRT. Methods: In a prospective 1-year study 60 postmenopausal women were enrolled into three study-groups to receive continuous...
Objectives: To determine the progestational efficacy of continuous treatment with various doses of dienogest, combined with oestradiol valerate, on the basis of endometrial histology, effect on climacteric symptoms and bleeding profile in postmenopausal women. Methods: Patients were randomised to one of five fixed-combination treatments, oestradiol valerate 2.0 mg plus dienogest 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0...
Objectives: Menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) maintains bone mineral density (BMD) and reduces risk of fracture in postmenopausal women. It has been suggested that sex steroids and loading may have synergistic effects on bone. We therefore investigated whether habitual physical activity influences the response of BMD to tibolone in postmenopausal women. Methods: The subjects were 42 postmenopausal...
Objectives: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during menopause has been shown to have beneficial effects on women's health, including preventing osteoporosis and probably reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. However, these effects appear only after long use. Knowledge of factors influencing HRT use is a prerequisite for developing and assessing preventive actions. Most studies of user...
Objectives: To evaluate knowledge about, attitudes towards and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in Norwegian women - and to compare self-reported use with sales statistics of HRT in the Nordic countries during recent years. Material and methods: Random samples of Norwegian women age 16-79 were interviewed by the Central Bureau of Statistics in 1994 (n=737), in 1996 (n=665) and in 1998 (n=680)...
This review summarises preclinical and clinical data on effects of endogenous and exogenous estrogens on probability of breast cancer diagnosis, and on the course and efficacy of breast cancer therapies. The data indicate that higher endogenous estrogen exposure (e.g. pregnancy, early menarche and late menopause, estrogen levels in future breast cancer patients, obesity) or exogenous estrogens (oral...
Objectives: To review the studies that have been undertaken on the effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT); especially oestrogen (+progestin) regimens on the preservation of muscle strength. Current knowledge of the mechanisms and actions of steroid- and sex hormones on skeletal muscle tissue will be used in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of action of a possible effect. The...
Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on plasma leptin levels in postmenopausal women, and the relationship between the plasma leptin levels and obesity. Methods: premenopausal women with normal cycles (n=30; mean ages, 35.4+/-8.3 years) and postmenopausal women (n=45; mean ages, 49.5+/-4.7 years) were randomly selected. Women were classified...
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