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Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements have been widely used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, monitoring of treatment, and prediction of fracture risk. However, although BMD values show high specificity for prediction of fractures, their sensitivity is quite low. Fracture risk algorithms such as FRAX improve prediction by including clinical risk factors that act independently...
Testosterone (T) is the most abundant biologically active hormone in women. Androgen receptors (AR) are located throughout the body including the breast where T decreases tissue proliferation. However, T can be aromatized to estradiol (E2), which increases proliferation and hence, breast cancer (BCA) risk. Increased aromatase expression and an imbalance in the ratio of stimulatory estrogens to protective...
A fraction of cells residing in the uterine endometrium exhibit functional pluripotent potential, allowing them to be classified as adult stem cells. While the physiological relevance of this cell population is mostly conjectural at this juncture, uterine endometrial stem cells (UESC’s) may underline pathogenesis of certain common gynecological disorders, such as endometriosis and adenomyosis. The...
Despite a decrease in the use of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) over the last decade, many women are still prescribed this treatment, as it remains the most effective means of counteracting climacteric symptoms. Its use declined when it was shown that HT increases the risk of breast cancer, stroke and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Nevertheless, that benefit/risk ratio was established among women...
Assessment of sexual function is a complex process, especially in women, which requires in any individual case: time, appropriate training and experience. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction is quite variable depending on the studied population, assessment methods, comorbid conditions and treatments, and age. A large number of screening methods have been developed over the last decades which...
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed invasive cancer among women; in developed countries, BC occurs in one out of eight women during her lifetime. Many factors, both genetic and non-genetic, determine a woman’s risk of breast cancer and several mathematical models have been proposed that determine the risk. It is important to identify those at high risk, as there are now effective preventive...
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