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Increasing life expectancy has made it ever more important to study the factors that influence the age at the menopause, given that when it is reached outside of the normal range, it is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Among the factors studied in relation to early menopause, smoking is prominent. Destruction of the ovarian follicles...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Trifolium pratense and Cimicifuga racemosa upon the endometrium of castrated female Wistar rats, comparing these results with a placebo and estradiol valerate.Thirty-two adult castrated female Wistar rats were divided into four groups (eight rats per group) that receiving either tap water, estradiol valerate, isoflavones from T. pratense or deoxyactein...
Randomised trials reported an increase risk of stroke with an estrogen plus progestogen formulation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). A recent trial also reported an increased risk with tibolone, a selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator.We used the General Practice Research Database to conduct a case–control study within a cohort of women aged 50–79 between January 1987 and October 2006,...
Several studies indicate that quality of life (QoL) is impaired in middle aged women. Assessment of QoL using a single validated tool in Latin American climacteric women has not been reported to date at large scale.The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was used to assess QoL among middle aged Latin American women and determine factors associated with severe menopausal symptoms (QoL impairment).In this...
To examine the associations of age at menarche, timing of first birth and parity with hysterectomy rates; to investigate whether these associations were independent of each other and other potential confounders and varied by reason for hysterectomy.Women from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a cohort followed prospectively since birth in March 1946 across England,...
Accumulating data provide evidence that some metabolites of 17β-estradiol are biologically active and mediate multiple effects on the cardiovascular and renal systems. We investigated the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol (an active metabolite of estradiol with non-feminizing activity) on the development of hypertension and myocardial vascular remodeling in male and female ovarectomized SHR.Rats were divided...
To examine the effects of hysterectomy and bilaterally salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) on Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in the post-menopausal women.This study included 92 women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy (VH) and BSO (n:37) and who underwent abdominal hysterectomy (AH) and BSO (n:55). Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) was given 21 women who underwent VH and BSO and 28 women who underwent...
There is evidence that long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with an increased breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of tibolone on estrogen and progesterone receptors in comparison to the effects of conventional HRT in the breast of surgically postmenopausal macaques.Sixty macaques were bilaterally ovariectomized 3 months before hormonal treatment...
The purpose of this study was to utilize the variation in the level and timing of the change in postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) use between the Nordic countries to assess the population-level impact of decline in HT use on the breast and colon cancer incidences.Nationwide HT-sales data in defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1000 inhabitant in 1995–2005 in Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden were obtained...
Bone formation and resorption is a balanced and continuous process. When osteoclastic bone resorption exceeds osteoblastic bone formation, bone density decreases, which can lead to osteoporosis. Er-Zhi-Wan (EZW), a famous traditional Chinese formulation, has been developed as a restorative formula for hundreds of years, which contains two herbs viz. Herba Ecliptae and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi. EZW...
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