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The “grandmother hypothesis” proposes that menopause evolved because ancestral middle-aged women gained greater reproductive success from investing in extant genetic relatives than from continuing to reproduce [Williams GC. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution 1957;11:398–411]. Because middle-aged women faced greater risks of maternal death during pregnancy and...
To evaluate the prevalence of premalignant and malignant polyps and their association with menopausal status, hormone therapy and clinical characteristics in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.A surgical database was used to select pre- and postmenopausal women ≥40 years of age, submitted to hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps. The medical records of 475 women were reviewed and clinical...
The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the therapeutic efficacy of an estradiol 1mg/drospirenone 2mg (E2/DRSP) preparation is superior to a placebo in postmenopausal Korean women with hot flushes and other climacteric symptoms, and to demonstrate that this treatment is both safe and tolerable.This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study over four 28-day treatment...
To investigate the effect of black cohosh on the estrogen biosynthesis in the breast in vitro.Steroid sulfatase (STS) activity was studied in normal breast tissue obtained from pre- and postmenopausal women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. STS protein expression was studied by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Breast tissue was incubated in vitro without or with black cohosh (iCR) at concentrations...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of mutations in the coding region of the QM gene and fragile X in patients with premature ovarian failure and gonadal dysgenesis.After approval by the local Ethics Committee, blood samples, in EDTA, of 100 normally ovulating women, 23 with premature ovarian failure (POF) and 14 with gonadal dysgenesis 46XX, aged less than 40 years, were screened for...
To evaluate usage pattern, effectiveness and safety of Black cohosh alone or in fixed combination with St. John's wort on menopausal symptoms in general clinical practice.Prospective, controlled open-label observational study of 6141 women at 1287 outpatient gynecologists in Germany. Subjects were treated with recommended doses of study therapies, with treatment chosen by the participating physicians...
To investigate the effect of transvaginal estradiol on bone mineral density and bone metabolism.One hundred and fifteen women (mean age 73.8±3.2 years) were randomly assigned to a 2-year open-label parallel group clinical trial and were treated with either transvaginal estradiol (7.5μg/24h), or no estradiol. Both groups received 400 IU vitamin D and 500mg calcium/day. The bone mineral density (BMD)...
The aims of the study were to determine: (1) the relationship between parity and bone mineral density (BMD); (2) the relationship between parity and osteoporotic peripheral fractures.The group studied included 730 postmenopausal women. Patients were separated into four groups according to the number of fullterm pregnancies, group 1: nulliparae, group 2: one to three pregnancies, group 3: four to five...
Changes in androgen levels and associations with chronic disease, physical and neuropsychological function and disability in women over the middle to later years of life are not well understood and have not been extensively studied in African American women.The present cross-sectional analysis reports such levels and associations in community dwelling, African American women aged 49–65 years from...
To determine the effect of 17β-estradiol, medroxyprogesterone acetate, tibolone and tibolone metabolites on Angiopoietin-1, Tie-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α in Ishikawa cells, in vitro. We hypothesized that differential effects on angiogenic factors or inflammatory cytokines by individual hormones may be related to the endometrial bleeding in postmenopausal women using hormone therapy.Ishikawa cells...
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