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Background: Continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been introduced in an attempt to increase patient compliance by eliminating withdrawal bleeding which is one of the most significant and troublesome side effects of sequential HRT. Moreover, when given on a daily basis, progestin is thought to be more protective against the development of endometrial carcinoma. Case report: We describe...
Objectives: To provide epidemiological data about psychological symptoms derived from a large Italian non-clinical sample, and to investigate the correlation with psychosocial factors. Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional postal survey of a sample of menopausal women recruited from the General Registry Office in Ferrara's province. Four thousands and seventy-three women were sent a questionnaire...
Objective: The course of panic disorder (PD) is often influenced by the different phases of the female reproductive cycle. The aim of this study is to assess PD in the climacteric stage and single out possible correlations between symptoms of PD and clinical and demographic variables in order to identify possible risk factors. Method: Forty-five women between 40 and 60 years of age was assessed through...
Objectives: To investigate the response of the various hyperplastic disorders of the endometrium to a prolonged treatment with leuprolide acetate, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a), plus tibolone, as add-back therapy, and further to study if the tibolone addition reduces the hypoestrogenic actions of the GnRH-analogue. Methods: We treated 26 women with histologically confirmed simple...
Objective: To compare the efficacy of pulsed estrogen therapy following intranasal 17β-estradiol (E2) (S21400) with patch E2 in preventing postmenopausal bone loss and on bone turnover. Methods: In this multinational open study, 361 postmenopausal women aged 51.5 (S.D. 4.6) years were treated with S21400 300μg per day or patch E2 (delivering 50μg per day), two patches per week, for 56 weeks. Bone...
Objective: Elevation of blood pressure and heart rate increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Administration of estrogens does not affect heart rate but may decrease 24h blood pressure. In this study, we tested the effect of the estro-progestogenic compound tibolone. Methods: Thirty healthy, post-menopausal women were randomized to receive placebo (n=15) or tibolone, at the commonly prescribed...
Objectives: Various estrogen/progestogen combinations used in hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) have been reported to influence lipid and lipoprotein fractions differently. This motivated a comparative study where the two continuous combined regimens most commonly used in Sweden during the 1990s have been studied regarding effects on lipid profile. Methods: In a 1-year prospective, double-blind study,...
Objective: To evaluate the effect of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), continuous combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and tibolone on serum leptin levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Methods: Eighty-four healthy postmenopausal women aged 43-63 years were studied prospectively. Hysterectomized women (n=16) received conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) 0.625mg. Women with an intact uterus...
Background: Different studies have presented conflicting results concerning the effect of menopause on lipid levels. Aims: To describe the serum lipid profile and the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in women aged 50-60 and the perceived relation to endogenous and exogenous hormones and age. Methods: Out of a total population of 10,766 women aged 50-59 years, 6908 (64%) participated in a health assessment...
Objective: To assess if regular physical exercise or oral oestradiol therapy decreased vasomotor symptoms and increased quality of life in previously sedentary postmenopausal women. Setting: A prospective, randomised trial at a University Hospital. Methods: 75 postmenopausal, sedentary women with vasomotor symptoms were randomised to: exercise three-times weekly over 12 weeks (15 women), oral oestradiol...
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is widely used with a large variety of regimens and medications. For each of these regimens the goal is the same but there is always a fear about side effects, especially on breast. Mammographic screening is a standard tool for all women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Breast density is very important, because it interferes with the sensitivity of the evaluation...
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