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The effect of osteoporosis, as diagnosed by bone densitometry, on general practitioners' decisions to initiate hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was assessed. Data for the study were collected by questionnaire from 147 women (> 40 years), previously referred for measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) at the proximal forearm. Among the women, at the time of BMD measurement, current and ever...
Objective: Since hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) affects plasma GH levels, the present study aimed to verify the effect of tibolone, a synthetic steroid, on modulating spontaneous and growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH) induced GH secretion. Methods: Postmenopausal women (n = 30) were enrolled and randomly subdivided in three groups (n = 10 each group): (1) treated with transdermal estradiol...
Objective: To evaluate the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as a risk factor for the development of epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods: A case-control study was performed that used 491 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer frequency matched for age at diagnosis ( 5 years) with a control population of 741 patients with malignancies of non-estrogen-dependent tissues. The odds ratio (OR)...
Objectives: To study the effect of postmenopause and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the measured fundamental frequency (F0) and sound pressure level (SPL) of sustained phonation and speaking voice samples and on subjective vocal/laryngeal symptoms. Methods: Forty-three postmenopausal women (mean age 51.6) were divided into three groups: a group with no HRT, an estrogen group...
To identify risk factors for hip fracture in men, the authors conducted a case-control study involving 20 hospitals in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and 14 hospitals in Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of northern California. The 356 enrolled men had been admitted with a radiologically confirmed first hip fracture. The 402 control men either were from the Philadelphia area or were members of...
Objective: To study the effects of oral trimegestone on endometrial histology and vaginal bleeding when given in combination with oral 17-β-oestradiol. Methods: This was a prospective, randomised, double-blind, parallel groups, pilot comparative study. Thirty-eight healthy postmenopausal women with normal endometrial histology were given oral 17-β-oestradiol, 2 mg/day for three continuous cycles...
The relation of colorectal cancer and its subsites with use of menopausal hormones was evaluated in the United States among 40 464 postmenopausal women, 41-80 years of age, who initially volunteered for a nationwide breast-cancer screening program and were followed for an average of 7.7 years. Ever-use of menopausal hormones was not associated with risk of total colorectal cancers (relative risk...
Epithelial ovarian cancer occurs primarily in postmenopausal women, and most cases are thought to be due to acquired alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In contrast, 5-10% of ovarian cancers arise in women who carry inherited mutations in a cancer susceptibility gene. It is thought that more than 90% of hereditary ovarian cancer is due to inherited mutations in the BRCA1 breast/ovarian...
Objective: To compare the physical characteristics, emotional symptoms and metabolic conditions of menopausal women with and without non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Methods: We studied 100 menopausal women 45-72 years of age, 51 with and 49 without NIDDM, in a cross-sectional design. Biological characteristics were collected and emotional symptoms were assessed with a modified Hamilton...
Objectives: To follow up a cohort of 1400 women aged 52 years who had replied to a health questionnaire 4 years previously. The follow-up covered general and gynecological health, experience of symptoms, the use of hormone replacement, the reasons for starting HRT and effectiveness of treatment as well as comparison of users and nonusers concerning psychosocial factors and life style. Methods: A...
Purpose: To evaluate the possible effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the sensitivity and specificity of screening mammography. Materials and methods: A total of 20 000 women aged 50 years or older were interviewed about use of HRT during the second round of screening mammography; of these, 3126 were currently using, 2158 had previously used, and 14 716 had never used HRT. Women with...
Background: Because physical activity may affect hormonal concentrations and energy balance, we decided to investigate whether everyday exercise is related to the risk of breast cancer. Methods: During 1974-1978 and 1977-1983, a total of 25 624 women, 20-54 years of age at entry, enrolled in health surveys and answered questionnaires about leisure-time and work activity. Results: During a median...
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in menopausal women. Methods: The IOP of 25 white menopausal women without an abnormal ophthalmologic history was measured before and during HRT regimen. IOP fluctations were recorded before and 1, 4, and 12 weeks after the beginning of HRT. These measurements were obtained according to a standardized...
The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors is controversial. This report describes the symptomatic benefit of HRT and the subsequent risk of recurrent breast cancer in a group of post-menopausal women with a prior history of locally treated breast cancer. A total of 114 disease-free patients received HRT to control estrogen deficiency problems after local...
Tobaccoism is a known risk factor in some diseases which appear more frequently after menopause, basically cardiovascular ones and osteoporosis. On an endocrine level, its noxious effects are known, appearing even in the precocious ovaric failure or in the alteration to the response to hormone replacement treatment after menopause. Restrospectively, a group of 76 postmenopausic women who smoke with...
An epidemiologic study was carried out in 2106 women 46-63 years of age to determine risk factors associated with their compliance or non-compliance with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Data were obtained from prescription refill and medical claims information from centralized prescription and medical claims databases of a United Healthcare-affiliated health plan in Minnesota. Study participants...
Objective: To isolate epidemiological risk factors for menorrhagia. Methods: Menstrual blood loss (MBL) of one bleeding episode of 182 healthy women was measured with the alkaline hematin method and the results were related to age, parity, body mass index and smoking habits. Multiple and logistic regression analysis was performed to isolate the variables that most influence MBL. Two consecutive...
We investigated the long-term effects of oral estriol (E 3 ) on bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine and biochemical indices of bone turnover in early menopausal women. We studied 64 healthy early menopausal women who were treated for 24 months with 2.0 mg E 3 plus 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate daily (E 3 group, n = 15), 0.625 mg of conjugated estrogen plus...
Purpose: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can lead to an increase in the density of breast parenchyma on mammography and to the development of mammographically visible cysts and fibroadenomas. These changes may obscure features indicative of benign processes or mimic those of a carcinoma on screening mammography. This study was designed to assess the effect of HRT usage on the recall rate of women...
Objective: To evaluate the association between physical activity and all-cause mortality in postmenopausal women. Design: Prospective cohort study with 7 years of follow-up through December 31, 1992. Setting and participants: Subjects were 40 417 postmenopausal Iowa women, aged 55-69 years at baseline in 1986. Physical activity was assessed by mailed questionnaire. Main outcome measure: All-cause...
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