The extrusion of viscous andesite lava forming domes can terminate in explosive activity. To understand the driving forces behind this behaviour, a study of an AD1655 eruption episode at Mt. Taranaki was carried out. We propose that simple changes in magmatic conditions of a single hydrous melt during ascent caused sudden changes in explosivity and gave rise to pumice with highly variable vesicularities and colour. Fractionation of hornblende+plagioclase+clinopyroxene+Fe–Ti oxide at the onset of magma ascent, and step-wise crystallisation of plagioclase±clinopyroxene in different parts of a single melt within the conduit was controlled by rates of initial rise, capping by an impermeable lava dome, and differential rates of vesiculation and volatile exsolution. This resulted in a vertical stratification in the conduit, comprising a viscous, hypocrystalline lava cap, that overlay alternating zones of grey, brown and grey magma-foams. Horizontal gradients in geochemistry in the conduit are also indicated by different clast textures. The eruption consisted of an initial extrusive phase followed by three pulses of sub-plinian activity. Each phase or pulse, corresponded to individual layers within the conduit. Ejecta included block-and-ash flow deposits, three pyroclastic pumice-flow deposits of alternating grey, brown and grey pumice, as well as fallout deposits dominated by grey pumice. The brown magma foam contained more microlites, had a more-evolved matrix glass, and a higher temperature than the grey magma foams above and below. Its eruption destabilised the sub-plinian eruption column because it was more degassed. It fragmented less efficiently than the grey magma foams due to its lower viscosity, preventing pressure build-up in bubbles. Incomplete mixing at interfaces between brown and grey magma phases gave rise to banded pumices.