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Bone mineral density measurements using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are commonly expressed as areal density (g/cm 2 ). However, areal BMD (BMD areal ) is dependent on bone size and this can lead to erroneous interpretations of BMD values. We have previously presented a simple method for calculating apparent volumetric bone mineral density (BMD vo...
Bone density measurements by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the spine can now be made precisely, but there is no uniformity in reporting results and in presenting reference data. A European Union Concerted Action therefore devised a uniform procedure for cross-calibrating and standardizing instruments, using the European spine phantom (ESP) prototype. This phantom differs in a number of respects...
The effect of nasal salmon calcitonin (SCT) on bone has been investigated by densitometry, biochemical markers of bone turnover, and histomorphometry. 62 women (mean age 65 years) who had experienced Colles' fracture after menopause were randomized to receive either nasal salmon calcitonin (SCT) 200 IU or nasal placebo daily for 24 months. All received a daily supplement of 0.5 g calcium. There...
We examined 429 women, aged 20-80 years, randomly selected from the population register to establish normal values for bone mineral density (BMD) in Swedish women. BMD of the spine and hip was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; Hologic QDR 1000) and in the forearm by single photon absorptiometry (SPA; Molsgaard ND-1100). The recalled age of menarche was negatively correlated to...
A large proportion of patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) have some degree of bone involvement which appears to be relatively greater for cortical than trabecular bone. However, the clinical meaning and pathophysiologic basis of this observation are unknown. In 77 postmenopausal women with asymptomatic PHPT, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the proximal and ultradistal...
The mineral, lean, and fat contents of the human body may be not only allometrically but also functionally associated. This report evaluates the influence of muscle mass on bone mass and its age-related changes by investigating these and other variables in both genders in the different stages of reproductive life. We have analyzed the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)-determined whole-body mineral...
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) is a bone densitometry technique that is able to provide real volumetric bone density values not only of the total but also of trabecular and cortical bone separately. Normal reference curves were constructed with cross-sectional data obtained in 275 postmenopausal women (50-85 years), measured at 4% of the ulnar length (ultradistal region), and data...
The capacity of dual x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasound to discriminate bone loss and to predict the mechanical and microarchitectural properties of cancellous bone in an animal model of osteopenia was evaluated. Thirty-five female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 months old) were randomized into three groups: baseline group, 10 rats killed at the beginning of the study; ovx group, 15 rats ovariectomized;...
Bone affected by Paget’s disease is known to be dense but more prone to fractures. It is proposed that dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) assess different aspects of the skeletal status. In this study, we used Paget’s disease of the tibia as a model to explore this. Ten patients with Paget’s disease affecting a single tibia were investigated with the normal side...
Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements of bone have been shown to be independent predictors of osteoporotic fracture risk. Drawbacks of this technique have included the precision of the scanners, which is said to be poorer than in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in part due to difficulty in repositioning of the foot in an os calcis system and difficulty in comparison across different technologies...
The selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene has been shown to reduce the risk of vertebral fracture, but without significant effect on nonvertebral fractures. However, there is a need for SERMs capable of improving mechanical competence and reducing the risk of fractures at multiple skeletal sites, with minimal side effects. We investigated the effects of a new steroidal SERM, HMR-3339,...
A whole-body DXA study of 1450 healthy Caucasian individuals [Bone 22 (1998) 683] found that mineral mass, either crude (BMC) or statistically adjusted to fat mass (FM-adjusted BMC), correlated linearly with lean mass (LM, proportional to muscle mass). The results showed similar slopes but decreasing intercepts (ordinate values) in the order: pre-MP women > men > post-MP women > children...
Introduction: Osteoporosis associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) is becoming increasingly important as the life expectancy of patients continues to increase.Materials and methods: We studied 191 adults with CF (18-50 years old; 100 men, 91 women). Total body, lumbar spine, and total proximal femur bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and lateral spinal radiographs...
We have previously demonstrated that estrogen metabolism is one of the determinants of bone density after menopause. Increased hydroxylation to relatively nonestrogenic metabolites 2-hydroxyestrone (2OHE 1 ) and 2-methoxyestrone (2MeOE 1 ) was associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), while increased hydroxylation to the potent 16α-hydroxyestrone (16αOHE 1 ) and weakly...
Introduction: The correct interpretation of DXA data is critical to the diagnosis and management of children with suspected bone disease. This study examines the various influences on bone mineral content (BMC), as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Materials and methods: Six hundred and forty-six healthy school children and forty-three children with chronic diseases, aged 5-18 years,...
Pathological fracture is a devastating complication of osteolytic bone metastases. The progression of osteolysis and its effect on bone fracture risk are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to determine the temporal changes in bone strength following tumor inoculation in a preclinical model of tumor osteolysis. In addition, a predictive model was developed between non-invasive radiographic...
Loading of the femoral neck (FN) is dominated by bending and compressive stresses. We hypothesize that adaptation of the FN to physical activity would be manifested in the cross-sectional area (CSA) and section modulus (Z) of bone, indices of axial and bending strength, respectively. We investigated the influence of physical activity on bone strength during adolescence using 7 years of longitudinal...
Recent reports showed a high frequency of osteopenia/osteoporosis in HIV-infected subjects. Mechanism on the basis of this alteration is still unclear, as the direct effect of virus or of antiretroviral drugs. One hundred sixty-one consecutive HIV-infected outpatients aged 30–50 years, both naive and HAART-treated for >1 year, were included. An interview questionnaire was performed to establish...
Spectrum bias can occur if a diagnostic test is applied to a patient population of different disease severity than was used in the original test validation. Despite recommendations that bone mineral density (BMD) precision and follow-up assessment be based upon absolute measurements (in g/cm 2 ), the use of relative change (in percent) is still frequently encountered. The current study was...
Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) methods show great potential for refined assessment of bone strength. However, for widespread clinical acceptance, three issues have to be resolved:–Will patients with low QUS readings benefit from approved osteoporosis medications?–How can we ensure good quality of QUS measurements in daily clinical practice?–How much added value does QUS bring to risk factor based case-finding...
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