Using molecular genetics method, two selected dryland farming winter wheat strains (accession No. 22 Xiaoyan and 92517-25-1) were hybridized to produce 227 recombinant inbred lines (RIL). The populations of F 2:3 families, individual plant inbred produced from F2 population, were characterized by transgressive inheritance. Allelopathic potential of No. 22 Xiaoyan was stronger than 92517-25-1, as was its weed competitive ability. Both indicators were normally distributed among the RILs, which ranged between those of the two parents. We found that the allelopathic potential of wheat in the Loess Plateau of China was regulated by multiple genes with descending importance in a quantitative model. Allelopathy was adjusted by heritable genes for the heritability (HG2)=0.895 and the interaction heritability of between the genotypes and the growth environment (HGE2)=0.58. Four QTLs were identified in 21 wheat chromosomes with a mean length of 14.7cM, i.e., 75% of the allelopathy genes were in chromosome 1A while 2B contained the remaining 25%. All of these functional genes were highly polymorphic. The additive effects and explained variance of the individual QTLs were 0.08–0.21 and 7.24–12.56%, respectively. Putative genes related to the weed competitive ability of wheat were detected on chromosomes 1A, 2B, and 5D. The wheat allelopathy QTLs identified in this study may be beneficial for the breeding of allelopathic wheat and the molecular manipulation of allelopathic genes.