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Naphthenic acids are recognized as the main corrosive species in acidic crude oils, although they represent less than 3wt%. Alternative methods have been developed in an attempt to remove naphthenic acids from the oil, however, their implementation in petrochemical industry still represents a challenge. Herein, a sub-product of the steel industry, steel slag, is evaluated as an economic alternative...
This work studied the evolution of in-cylinder polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a diesel engine fueled with n-heptane, and explored the effects of adding toluene to n-heptane on in-cylinder PAHs. In-cylinder PAHs were sampled in a direct injection diesel engine using a total cylinder sampling system. PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with programmed temperature vaporization...
A well-known and widespread method for producing a hydrogen-rich gas stream consists of reforming processes that convert a hydrocarbon, by adopting a substance, usually steam, to act as reforming promoter.CO2 dry reforming allows the use of CO2 as a reforming agent, which appeals owing to the undeniably negative environmental impact of CO2. This technology opens up interesting perspectives in the...
One of the key technologies that made the development of unconventional formations possible is the creation of a complex fracture network. In most recent analytical models for flow in hydraulically fractured reservoirs, diffusivity flow in a fracture network equivalent to a homogeneous medium of Euclidean geometry has been considered. In this paper we incorporate a more detailed description of complex...
This study evaluated the enhancement of biogas production in semi-continuous anaerobic digestion fed with enzymatically pretreated Chlorella vulgaris. Organic matter in soluble phase increased from 2.5% to 45% after pretreatment with proteases. The soluble COD was easily biodegradable and almost all organic matter available in soluble phase was removed (94.4%) in the anaerobic reactor (CSTR). Methane...
CFD tools are of great value in the design and operation of boilers. One particular aspect that can be modeled by CFD is the ash deposition and plugging of heat transfer surfaces of boilers. Fouling and slagging are the most typical causes of unscheduled boiler shutdowns. Consequently, appropriate predictions of deposit geometries and rates are of considerable interest. CFD multiphase flow simulations...
The performance of catalyst-combining silver (Ag) and molybdenum (Mo) for elemental mercury (Hg0) oxidation was clearly improved, and the experimental results demonstrated the synergy between Ag and Mo. The physical and chemical characterizations indicated that Ag0 and Ag2MoO4 nanoparticles existed on the surface of TiO2 for Ag(2%)–Mo–Ti. Furthermore, the oxidation ability of Mo–Ti was enhanced, and...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural changes in nascent chars during the gasification of two low-rank coals in CO2 at 1000°C and 1200°C. Western Australian Collie sub-bituminous coal and Victorian Loy Yang brown coal were heated up at 1000Ks−1 in He/CO2 in a wire-mesh reactor. FT-Raman spectroscopy was applied to understand the key structural features of nascent chars. For comparison,...
The thermal decomposition of methylarenes labelled with 13C in the methyl group was investigated. This was conducted using both a direct injection diesel engine and a pyrolysis flow cell connected to a GC–MS. 2-[13C]methylnaphthalene and 9-[13C]methylphenanthrene were synthesized by means of the Corey–House coupling reaction and their identity and purity confirmed by mass spectrometry and NMR. GC–MS...
The loss of surfactant can reduce the technical and economic efficiency of chemical surfactant flooding in the recovery of residual oil. Retention of surfactant molecules is thus recognized as a fundamental problem in chemical recovery based methods. Therefore, reliable methods which are able to rapidly estimate the surfactant retention are of importance. In this communication, a new model is proposed...
Thermo-chemical processing of biomass is a promising alternative to produce renewable hydrogen as a clean fuel or renewable syngas for a sustainable chemical industry. However, the fast deactivation of catalysts due to coke formation and sintering limits the application of catalytic thermo-chemical processing in the emerging bio-refining industry. In this research, Fe–Zn/Al2O3 nanocatalysts have been...
Fish derived bio-oils have similar properties to petroleum-derived fuel oils and therefore the potential to be an alternative energy source. The quality of bio-oil as a fuel is determined by the quality of the feedstock and processing conditions. Fish oil may have poor cold flow properties due to the heterogeneity of the lipid composition. Different oil extraction methods produce different levels...
Numerical simulations of one-dimensional planar and spherical flame propagation of iso-octane/hydrogen/air mixtures at different equivalence ratios and hydrogen blending levels are conducted considering detailed chemistry. Our focus is on the effects of hydrogen addition on laminar flame propagation and ignition of iso-octane/air mixtures. Specifically, the laminar flame speed, Markstein length, and...
To obtain information about the pore characterization during the evolution of sedimentary organic matter, the pore structures of residual samples from oil-shale hydrous pyrolysis experiments were analyzed via low-pressure nitrogen adsorption measurements. These seven experiments were conducted at different temperatures, while other experiment factors, such as original samples, the heating time and...
As fossil fuel declining worldwide, attention is grown up to develop a cost effective process for biodiesel production from renewable sources such as Jatropha Curcas Plant. Biodiesel can be produced by transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil using chemical catalyst or biocatalyst. In this research article, we formulate and analyze two mathematical models of transesterification reaction with respect...
This contribution describes the effect of HMS-Ti substrate decoration with variable amounts of Ga2O3 on the catalytic response of bifunctional Ga2O3/HMS-Ti catalysts in the hydroisomerization of ortho-xylene carried out in a batch reactor at 300°C. The effect of hydrogen pressure (5, 10 and 40bar) was investigated. The synthetized Ga2O3/HMS-Ti samples were characterized by variety of techniques: HRTEM,...
Fuels or other substrates prone to oxidation or exothermic decomposition may experience an extreme behavior, known as supercritical behavior (i.e. when internal heat generation due to exothermic reactions overcomes heat transfer to surrounding environment), that lead to such a severe internal temperature rise that will ultimately cause a fire or an explosion. On the contrary, under subcritical conditions,...
Ionic liquids formed by association of carbon dioxide (CO2) with low molecular weight secondary amines to form carbamate salts (e.g. N,N-dimethylammonium N′,N′-dimethylcarbamates, or DIMCARB) as solvents have been identified as ‘distillable’ as they reform their volatile precursor components upon heating at relatively low temperature and, thus, can be recovered by condensation. DIMCARB was selected...
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