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This research aims to experimentally analyze the performance and emissions of a single cylinder, four-stroke spark ignition (SI) engine fuelled by two grades of gasoline used in Saudi Arabia, RON91 and RON95 while operating with two fuel delivery systems; port injection (PI) and direct injection (DI). The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder research engine with pent-roof type cylinder...
Sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are used to improve enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Compared to NaOH, less carbohydrates was lost in Ca(OH)2 pretreatment. It was found that the substrates with similar lignin content prepared from NaOH and Ca(OH)2 pretreatments had distinct cellulose conversion rate. To understand the mechanism of action, two sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) samples with...
Cold production has been established as a key recovery process used to recover viscous oil from Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) heavy oil reservoirs. Field production has demonstrated that aggressive sand production improves the recovery performance leading to the Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand (CHOPS) process. The produced sand volume is speculated to produce wormholes – depleted high...
The effect of metal contents and antioxidant additives on the storage stability of biodiesel produced from less common non-edible oils of Eastern Africa origin (Croton megalocarpus and Moringa oleifera) were evaluated and reported in the present study. The croton oil methyl ester (COME) and moringa oil methyl ester (MOME) were produced by transesterification process. The fuel related properties were...
In order to study the effects of electric field intensity and distribution on flame propagation speed, the paper investigated the flame propagation of premixed CH4/O2/N2 mixtures under direct-current (DC) electric fields at an excess air ratio of 1.4. Different high-voltage electrodes were chosen in the experiment in two aspects: electrodes size (the outer-diameter of high-voltage electrodes) and...
Entrained flow gasification employs a high temperature, high pressure slagging gasifier, in which slag viscosity plays a key role in determining operating conditions. The effect of cooling rate on viscosity properties were investigated by high temperature rotational viscometer. Viscosities of two slag, which exhibited glassy and crystalline slag behavior, were determined under continuous measurement...
A newly isolated strain of Clostridium acetobutylicum YM1 has a unique property of producing biobutanol from glucose under aerobic conditions. This strain exhibited the capability to grow and produce high concentrations of biobutanol under different concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). The growth profile and solvent production in a 5L bioreactor were similar under anaerobic and aerobic conditions...
Microporous zeolites (BEA type Beta zeolite and MFI type ZSM-5 zeolite) and micro-mesoporous zeolites (MFI type ZRP-5 zeolite) with various Si/A1 ratios were employed in the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol. The effect of pore size on the internal mass transfer limitation was investigated by Thiele modulus calculation. The results showed that the zeolites with high Si/Al ratios had better...
Two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOFMS) is quite effective to analyze organic compounds in crude oils with high resolution and normal-phase column condition (non-polar/polar) was commonly used. Here, to improve the understanding on this method, based on Chinese oil samples, we analyze hydrocarbon fractions in the oils using GC×GC/TOFMS with reversed-phase...
In this study, it was synthesized strontium zirconate (SrZrO3) powders using three methods: a traditional solid-state reaction, molten salts and ultrasound-assisted synthesis. The structural, morphological, optical and textural properties of the prepared powders were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller...
Biomass char gasification with steam refers to the reaction of the steam and biomass char under high temperature when the biomass char converts to combustible gas. Rice husk was selected as the raw material for char preparation. A gasification reactor was designed and built for the study of characteristics of rice husk char gasification with steam. Results show that the temperature is the primary...
A piloted pulverized coal jet flame was simulated by Large Eddy Simulation (LES). For the sub-grid scale (SGS) effects of the turbulence velocity and the scalar fluctuation of the gas flow on the coal particles, the velocity-scalar joint filtered density function (VSJFDF) model was used. Other models such as the governing equations for particles and coal combustion sub-models were also presented....
The radiative heat transfer characteristics of the dimethyl ether (DME)/air jet diffusion flame (JDF) were experimentally and theoretically studied in this paper. A series of fuel nozzle diameters (df), fuel jet velocities (uf), and air co-flow velocities (uco) were investigated for their influences on the thermal radiation behavior individually. The results showed that the DME jet diffusion flame...
This paper presents the characteristics of sulfur release during pyrolysis and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) formation for the pulverized coal combustion of blends of two bituminous coals in a pulverized coal combustion test furnace. The amount of sulfur released during pyrolysis is affected by the total sulfur content and the form of sulfur. Organic sulfur is more readily released to the gaseous phase than...
A novel method is presented for experimental study of gas-particle reactions, based on realizing a well-stirred reactor as a small scale fluidized bed. This reactor is evaluated against the drop tube reactor and the thermo-gravimetric analyser. It shows to enable high heat up rates (∼104K/s), long timescale observation (up to several hours), operation with small fuel particles (∼100μm) and accurate...
The fundamental data of ignition and combustion characteristics of various biodiesel fuels (BDFs) are exhibited for finding the optimal condition in diesel engines. The experimental research has been conducted in a constant-volume vessel with the pre-burn system under diesel-engine conditions. The ignition delays and heat release rates were investigated under different ambient temperatures and pressures...
The dependence of packed bed pressure drop on variables such as particle size distribution (PSD) and material type are of vital importance in the design of industrial equipment including fixed- and fluidized-bed reactors, blast furnaces and fixed-bed gasifiers. The pressure drop across a packed bed is commonly calculated using the Ergun equation that was developed using experimental data from laboratory-scale...
The fusion characteristics of three low-rank coals and cornstalk (CS) mixtures were investigated by ash fusion temperature (AFT) analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The increasing trend of CS ash fusion temperature (AFT) is not the same with the additions of different coals at the same mass ratio, due to the difference of the ash content...
Direct production of useful fuel from the emitted carbon dioxide has been one of major challenges in industries. We here report a novel approach in which ethanol could simply be synthesized under negative DC corona discharge at 1atm and 105°C. The experimental results have shown that CO2 and H2O could be reduced mainly into ethanol with yield of 4.7% without applying any metal catalyst. And with increase...
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