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Although microbial fuel cells are potential candidates for electricity generation with concomitant treatment of wastewater, operational and technological improvements are still required to make them a cost effective process. In this paper, a full factorial design in combination with a central composite design were employed to probe the effects of pH and buffer concentration of catholyte on the performance...
Ethanol is one of the main biobased molecule produced worldwide, mainly from corn and other starchy crops. In the past few years, one promising technology that has been claimed to reduce capital and operational costs of industrial plants and increase overall yields for ethanol is named ‘cold starch hydrolysis’. The saccharification is carried out at low temperatures (under starch gelatinization point)...
Emissions from coal oxy-fuel combustion are receiving significant attention during the last years. This paper is focused on the analysis of fuel-N emissions in fluidized bed combustion systems. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluidized bed unit in the temperature interval 850–950°C. Different coals (anthracite, bituminous and lignite) were used as fuels and different sorbents were employed...
This paper was addressed to evaluate the sintering behavior of coal ash at different temperatures under oxy-fuel combustion (O2/CO2 combustion) atmosphere. A lignite (Zhundong coal) characterized by high sodium level has been applied as the fuel material. The raw ash was heat treated at four different temperatures: 1350, 1300, 1250, and 1200°C, respectively. In addition, two atmospheres has been applied...
Three different separation configuration options namely: pure distillation (option A), gas stripping based (option B) and liquid–liquid extraction based (option C) for separating Acetone Butanol Ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth which contains low butanol concentration in the presence of butyric and acetic acid which is a characteristic of unsuccessful switching from acidogenesis to solventogenesis...
Bifunctional ruthenium catalysts supported on H-Beta zeolite were designed and applied in the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenolic compounds for bio-oil upgrading. The oxygen-containing groups in lignin-derived phenolic monomers and dimers could be efficiently removed through aqueous phase hydrodeoxygenation catalyzed by Ru/H-Beta under very mild conditions, i.e. at 413K and 4MPa H2. Characterization...
In-situ laser-absorption measurements of CO, CO2, CH4 and H2O were demonstrated in the synthesis gas products of coal gasification (here called syngas) from an engineering-scale transport reactor. A wavelength-scanned, wavelength-modulation spectroscopy scheme was used to counter environmental challenges including severe loss in transmitted light intensity due to particulate scattering and beam steering...
The structural evolution of nascent chars during the fast pyrolysis of a wood and two low-rank coals was investigated in this study. Western Australian Collie sub-bituminous coal, Victorian Loy Yang brown coal and Western Australian mallee wood were pyrolysed in a wire-mesh reactor that is capable of providing rapid heating rates (up to 5000Ks−1) and accurate holding time (in increments of 10ms) at...
A novel process for the production and separation of heavier hydrocarbons from sorbitol-derived oil was studied. 2-Iodohexane, the by-product of the reduction of sorbitol into hydrocarbons, was successfully removed by transforming it into hexane and hexenes after reacting with zinc. The eliminating reaction was completed in 45min at the conditions of: a zinc/2-iodohexane molar ratio of 6:1, a reaction...
This study reports new experimental viscosity measurements at high pressure and high temperature for a sour natural gas mixture. The measurements were conducted with a capillary tube viscometer at pressures ranging from 10.3 to 138MPa and temperatures up to 444K. The study develops a comprehensive model to predict natural gas viscosity in a wide range of pressures, temperatures and compositions. The...
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as support to prepare iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts. Because the CNT surface is comparatively inert, this catalyst system was employed to investigate the effect of three alkali metal promoters (Li, Na and K) and promoter loading (for Na) on the properties and catalytic performances of Fe/CNT in FTS in the absence of strong metal support interactions...
Air dense medium fluidized bed technique has been proposed as a viable technique for dry coal beneficiation with acceptable separation efficiency. In the current work, CFD simulation has been used to provide deeper understanding of the bed hydrodynamics in this system. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental data from sedimentation or flotation of 3.675mm coal particles in...
An interesting source of hydrocarbon fuels that has attracted considerable attention in the last few years is the pyrolysis of waste materials of organic origin, like tires, lube oils and plastics. However, one main drawback, among others, of these pyrolysis fuels is their high sulphur content that makes them inappropriate as automotive or heating fuels. This work describes the use of two affordable...
Biomass pyrolysis and gasification are used to efficiently convert lignocellulosic materials to a variety of products that can substitute for petrochemical-derived energy and chemicals. Tar (heavy hydrocarbons) is inevitably produced from the thermochemical processes, and is often disposed as an industrial waste, leading to environmental pollution. To utilize the tar, a facile route to fabricate porous...
As catalyst supports play an important role in the performance, cost, and the stability of fuel cells, we focus on synthesis of novel nanocomposites via different designs to overcome durability and cost of electrocatalyst layer. In this paper, the researchers wished to report a simple and cost effective hydrothermal method for synthesizing titania encapsulated carbon, and carbon–titania core–shell...
The fruit of oil-palm trees is used to extract millions of tons of palm oil annually across the globe. The extraction of palm oil leaves behind various residues such as empty fruit bunches, mill sludge and fibers, shells, and palm kernel cake. Considering the large amounts of solid organic wastes that are produced in oil palm mills, there is a need for their recovery and utilization. Palm kernel shells...
The injection of urea-water sprays within selective catalytic reduction systems is currently the leading technique for reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides from Diesel engines. For the process to work properly, it is crucial to guarantee the adequate size, velocity and distribution of the spray droplets upstream of the catalyst. It is therefore extremely important to understand the process of...
This study was initiated to investigate the various performance parameters and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine operating on almond biodiesel and compare them to the performance and emissions when the engine is operated on palm oil biodiesel and ‘baseline’ diesel fuel through laboratory measurements. Different fuel blends containing 0%, 10%, 30% and 50% on volume basis of almond biodiesel...
The paper describes an experimental study aimed to characterize the impact of the dual-fuel ethanol–diesel combustion system on size, number and chemical characteristics of the emitted carbonaceous particles. The tests were conducted on a single cylinder research engine provided with a modern architecture and properly modified in a dual-fuel (DF) configuration. In particular, the experimental campaign...
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