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The performance of rhodium supported on ceria–zirconia solid solution for selective catalytic reduction of NOx by unburned hydrocarbons in the presence of O2 was investigated. Three hydrocarbons (propane, propylene and toluene) were selected as model compounds of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons existing in the coal combustion exhaust gas. The Rh/Ce0.62Zr0.38O2 catalyst was found to be active in...
and O3. The addition of 310ppm of NO into the flue gas remained in 55% of Hg0 oxidation efficiency. Water vapor inhibited Hg0 oxidation, which was attributed to the consumption of reactive species and decomposition of HgOH. SO2 had a slight promoting effect on Hg0 oxidation, compared with the absence of SO2, the oxidation efficiency increased by 2–8% with the addition of 100–200ppm of SO2. This study...
In this study, the effects of particle aspect ratio (length/diameter) of a wood cylinder on pyrolysis and gasification characteristics were experimentally investigated. X-ray computed tomography was used to visualize the structure of char with different aspect ratios. Small and uniform pores were observed near the surface, whereas the size and shape of majority of the middle pores were large and random...
The pyrolysis mechanisms of O-acetyl-preserved hemicelluloses isolated from both hardwoods and softwoods have been investigated. Their chemical structures, pyrolysis kinetics, pyrolytic product distributions, and pyrolytic gaseous evolutions have been systematically studied. Hardwood hemicellulose was mainly composed of 4-O-methyl-d-glucurono-d-xylan and had high contents of O-acetyl and uronic acid...
A preliminary study of a new route for the valorization of microalgal biomass including protein and biofuels recovery is presented. The study involved consecutive steps of soluble protein extraction using alkaline conditions, followed by lipid extraction for biodiesel production. After both extraction processes, the spent biomass was used as feedstock for bio-oil production through pyrolysis at 500°C...
Biomass gasification in a pilot scale two-stage gasification gasifier for BTL via one-step DME synthesis is developed. The effects of the concentrations of feeding oxygen and biomass species on the gasification temperature, gas composition, and carbon conversion efficiency are presented. The runs of the several tests show that a high and uniform temperature in the oxidation and reduction zones is...
Dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of corn ethanol production in distillery industries. Presently the main use of DDGS is as livestock feed due to its high protein content. The demands for production of transportation fuel ethanol are increasing due to the increased Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS2) mandate for higher ethanol production. Simultaneously DDGS supply as a co-product...
Rubber seed comprises of 40–48% shell and 52–60% kernel by weight of seed was subjected for oil extraction study. The effects of process parameters such as extraction time (3–12h), kernel size range (0.5–3mm), ratio of kernel to solvent (0.03–0.09g/ml), and variety of solvents (polar and non-polar) on Soxhlet extraction process were studied. Design of experiment (DOE) schemes was considered to prepare...
Gasification is one route to produce chemicals and liquid fuels from biomass. The gasification of the char is catalyzed by alkali and alkaline earth metals in the biomass. In this work the catalytic effect of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) on CO2 gasification of spruce wood was studied using a thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The ash-forming elements were first removed from the wood using an acid...
The hydrogasification of a low-rank coal was carried out in a two-stage fixed bed reactor with a focus on the separate effects of hydrocracking temperature, hydrogen pressure and vapor residence time on the formations of gaseous and liquid products, particularly the oxygen-containing products. While the yields of CH4 increased with the increase of hydrocracking temperature (500–750°C) and hydrogen...
The effect of methyl oleate and ethanol addition on the combustion characteristics and soot emission of single droplets of diesel was studied by means of experimentation and kinetic modelling. The experiments were performed using a high-temperature tube furnace operating at 973K and the soot intensity indicated by the soot KL factor, and flame temperature were simultaneously measured using a two-colour...
This paper demonstrates a novel approach for correcting for the presence of minor gases when determining the adsorbed methane content in shale. Based on the widely used Langmuir isotherm in calculating the adsorbed gas, an equation is derived that converts the adsorption equilibrium partition coefficient (Kd) and maximal amount of adsorbed gas (N) at low pressure to Langmuir pressure (pL). Headspace...
Horizontal wells with long propped fractures are needed to maximize productivity for ultra-low permeability shale and tight reservoirs. Conventional slickwater fracturing with sand can produce long fractures, but only the near wellbore region is propped due to fast settling of sand in water. Ultra-light weight proppants (ULWPs) can be used to reduce proppant settling. A comprehensive investigation...
This study presents the development and validation of a computational model which simulates the propagation of a smouldering front through a porous medium against unique experiments in coal tar and sand. The model couples a multiphase flow solver in porous media with a perimeter expansion module based on Huygens principle to predict the spread. A suite of two-dimensional experiments using coal tar-contaminated...
Sewage sludge is noted for its high nitrogen content compared to most other fuels. A combined gasification and incineration process for the disposal of dried sewage sludge was tested in a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasifier and a down-flow combustor (DFC). Syngas produced from the CFB gasifier, together with fine solids, was pneumatically transported into the DFC for incineration...
Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) reacts with carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3−) in aqueous solution to produce formate (HCO2−). Isotopic labeling experiments verified the product identity and illustrated that the carbon in the product originated from CO2/HCO3−. The addition of CO2 to borohydride resulted in formate production in isopropanol as well. Accurate first-principles quantum chemistry...
Near infrared spectroscopy associated with multivariate analysis has been applied to monitor vegetable oils quality. In this work, twelve physical and chemical parameters of vegetable oils, relevant for quality monitoring of biodiesel raw materials, are quantified using NIRS: iodine value, water content, acid number, phosphorous content, saponification, flash point and fatty acids (myristic acid,...
Despite the fact that all modern diesel engines use multi-hole injectors, single-hole injectors are frequently used to understand the fundamental properties of high-pressure diesel injections due to their axisymmetric design of the injector nozzles. A multi-hole injector accommodates many holes around the nozzle axis to deliver adequate amount of fuel with small orifices. The off-axis arrangement...
This paper aims at evaluating trace elements (TEs) removal during biomass cofiring in a fluidised bed pilot plant (1MWth) equipped with a Catalytic Hybrid Filter System (CHFS), as air pollution control device, which combines electrostatic precipitation (ESP) and fabric filter (FF) in a unique approach to develop a compact but highly efficient system. One biomass (olive tree pruning (OP)) and two different...
Magnetic heterogeneous catalyst (Na2SiO3@Fe3O4/C) was prepared for the production of biodiesel from oils with high acid value (AV) under ultrasonic (US) irradiation and magnetic stirring (MS). With the catalyst and assisted by US, soybean biodiesel yield reached >90% in only 20min (or at 318K) and 97.9% under the optimal conditions. It was easily magnetically separated for 5 cycles with 94.9% recovery...
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