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Two Chinese coals, Liuzhi high pyrite coal with high ash content (LZ) and Zunyi high organic sulfur coal (ZY), were pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor under nitrogen and hydrogen at temperature ranging from 400 to 700°C. The effects of heat rate, temperature and gas atmosphere on sulfur transformation and sulfur uneven distribution were examined by XPS combined with traditional sulfur analysis method...
Two-colour pyrometry, thermodynamic analysis, and exhaust emissions analysis have been used to improve understanding of the formation of soot during combustion in a high speed direct-injection automotive diesel engine. Three fuel blends were used: a Base Fuel commercially available in Northern Europe; a blend of the Base Fuel (70%) and esterified rape-seed oil (RME) (30%) and a blend of the Base Fuel...
In the presented study, the effects of light-fuel fumigation on diesel engine cycle and characteristics have been examined theoretically. For this purpose, a computer program has been developed for prediction diesel engine cycles and engine characteristics in the cases of neat diesel fuel (NDF) and light-fuel (LF) fumigation. Here, gasoline is used as fumigated (supplementary) light fuel. For calculation...
An experimental study on co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal was performed in a free fall reactor under atmospheric pressure with nitrogen as balance gas. The coal sample selected was Dayan lignite, while the biomass used was legume straw. The operation temperature was over a range of 500–700°C, and the blending ratio of biomass in mixtures was varied between 0 and 100 wt.%. The results indicated that...
This paper deals with the characterisation of carbon (UC) from bottom ash (BA) and fly ash (FA) samples from two fluidised-bed power stations burning bituminous coal and lignite. The laboratory results for the carbon determinations and its mass balances are evaluated. Chemical and mineral analyses and textural characteristics (specific surface area and pore-size distribution) are presented. Depletion/enrichment...
Vapour pressure measurements are used to evaluate the enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol–gasoline mixtures. Partial molar values are also derived. The dispersed structure of ethanol–gasoline fuel is studied for the first time using the method of correlation spectroscopy of scattered light. A large range of dispersed particle sizes in different alcohol–gasoline systems is found. The dependence of...
This paper presents our observations on coating build up, morphology and the elemental composition of bed-material particles collected from a 550MWth CFB boiler burning coal, bark and peat fuel/fuel mixture. The special focus was on the changes of the elemental composition of coating layer on bed-material particles when different fuels were burned. The results were obtained using a scanning electron...
Non-edible filtered high viscous (72 cSt at 40°C) and high acid value (44mg KOH/gm) polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil based mono esters (biodiesel) produced by triple stage transesterification process and blended with high speed diesel (HSD) were tested for their use as a substitute fuel of diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. HSD and polanga oil methyl ester (POME) fuel blends (20%, 40%,...
Direct observation of transient swelling and shrinkage behavior of raw coals and processed coals was conducted by using a digital camera with a long focus lens, and quantitative description of swelling and shrinkage was resulted from subsequent image processing. The results showed that the raw and processed coals in pyrolysis behaved differently. The shrinkage of the processed coals was quite different,...
Due to the nonhomogeneous characteristics of biomass constituent, it has been known to be difficult to apply directly any simulation work to the pyrolysis of biomass for a precise prediction of gaseous products. In this study, two computation codes (HSC Chemistry for thermodynamic and Sandia PSR for kinetic simulations) were employed, to consider the integrated effects of thermodynamic and kinetic...
Optimization of fuel spray, airflow, and their interaction with the cylinder and piston wall is crucial to achieve stable combustion of stratified charge with minimum emissions in direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engines. In this study, the interaction between air and fuel spray from slit injector was investigated in a steady airflow system generated by a wind tunnel under atmospheric conditions...
In this paper, combustion characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas–hydrogen blends under various ignition timings and lean mixture condition were investigated. The results show that the ignition timing has significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The time intervals between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing are very...
The gross calorific value (GCV) is an important property defining the energy content and thereby efficiency of fuels, such as coals. There exist a number of correlations for estimating the GCV of a coal sample based upon its proximate and/or ultimate analyses. These correlations are mainly linear in character although there are indications that the relationship between the GCV and a few constituents...
Coal/biomass blends were prepared in the lignite/biomass ratios of 98:2, 96:4, 94:6, 92:8, 90:10, and 80:20 using a Turkish lignite from Elbistan region and hazelnut shell. Co-pyrolysis characteristics were investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) from ambient to 1173K with a linear heating rate of 20K/min under dynamic nitrogen flow of 40ml/min. Char products from pyrolysis were investigated...
The effects of anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS), cationic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and non-ionic surfactant ethoxylated nonylphenol (ENP) on the formation, dissociation and storage capacity of methane hydrate have been investigated. Each surfactant was tested with 3 concentrations 300, 500 and 1000ppm and it has been...
This work aims to study the influence of oxidation degree state which reached by organic matter included in argillaceous rocks on lixiviation and mobilization of compounds. Experimental lixiviation was carried out on two argillaceous rocks sampled in the surface deposit of the Andra laboratory (Bure, France). Molecular and spectroscopic characterizations of the organic matter extracts reveal two different...
Nano-MgO can apparently improve the transesterification reaction of soybean oil with supercritical/subcritical methanol. The variables affecting the yield of methyl ester during the transesterification reaction, such as the catalyst content, reaction temperature and the molar ratio of methanol to soybean oil were investigated and compared with those of non-catalyst. When nano-MgO was added from 0...
Spain, the main producer of olive oil in the world, generates a big amount of waste from the olive mills. For the treatment of the two-phases Olive Mill Solid Waste (OMSW), which is obtained in higher proportion in these installations, there are different possibilities, among them, one consists of a differentiated treatment of the waste obtaining as final products, three solid fractions such as olive...
A system for continuous transesterification of vegetable oil using supercritical methanol was developed using a tube reactor. Increasing the proportion of methanol, reaction pressure and reaction temperature can enhance the production yield effectively. However, side reactions of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) occur when the reaction temperature is over 300°C, which lead to much loss...
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