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LPG, liquified petroleum gas, is one of the most popular alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Currently, it is quite easy to adapt a gasoline Multipoint Injection (MPI) engine’s fuel system to LPG supply. There are several types of systems that adapt the engine in this way, and many manufacturers, which provide different structural solutions. Usually the LPG control unit is based on...
A new metric for ranking the suitability of fuels in LTC engines was recently introduced, based on the fraction of potential fuel savings achieved in the FTP-75 light-duty vehicle driving cycle. In the current study, this LTC fuel performance index was calculated computationally and analyzed for a number of fuel blends comprised of n-heptane, isooctane, toluene, and ethanol in various combinations...
The addition of oxygenated renewable fuels, such as ethanol or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) to standard gasoline may be necessary to comply with some environmental directives but could also prevent compliance with some fuel regulations and could also seriously change engine performance. From this point of view, the Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP), the distillation curve, the oxygen content and the density...
To improve the selectivity performance of CoMoS catalysts applied to the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline, a series of CoMoS/Al2O3 catalysts was prepared with alumina of different pore structures, and their HDS performance was evaluated with a real FCC gasoline. This study indicated that CoMoS/Al2O3 catalysts prepared with micro- or meso-porous alumina possessed...
This paper characterizes the two stage injection processes of pure diesel and two diesel–gasoline blends using a diesel common rail injection system. The investigated fuel injection characteristics include the cycle injection quantity, injection rate and injector inlet pressure characteristics, with changes in gasoline proportion and pilot injection energizing pulse. Increased gasoline proportion...
This experimental work systematically compares the stoichiometric alcohol–gasoline and gasoline–alcohol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition (DFSI) combustion for engine particle number (PN) reduction and fuel economy improvement using a high compression ratio gasoline engine. Alcohol–gasoline DFSI is based on port fuel injection (PFI) of alcohols with high oxygenated content, high octane number and high latent...
To obtain ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) on the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline and diesel, a novel catalyst has been prepared by an arc discharge method. This nickel yttrium (Ni–Y) bi-metallic catalyst is attached on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and it shows higher HDS activities than that of mono-metal catalyst. Our results demonstrate that the content of SWCNTs has important...
In Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines, a fuel spray is injected directly into the cylinder during the compression stroke, creating a fuel–air mixture with an ignitable composition at the spark gap at the time of ignition. Spraying droplet breakup, heating and evaporation is essential for the mixture preparation and the ignition/combustion. For numerical modeling of spray evaporation and combustion,...
The addition of renewable fuels to gasoline, such as bio-alcohols or bio-ethers is required in order to be in compliance with current environmental directives. Nevertheless, they change fuel properties which could affect standards compliance, engine performance and air emissions. This paper studies the impact of ethanol (EtOH), isobutanol (iBtOH) or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) on the Reid Vapour...
The share of diesel fuel in European transport sector, which currently represents over 50% of total demand, is increasing, requiring massive imports of this product, while at the same time, gasoline fuels are today in surplus. In terms of air pollutant emissions, gasoline and kerosene streams have shown potential in achieving lower emissions in Compression Ignition (CI) engines, particularly nitrogen...
This paper presents a method for the prediction of MON (Motor Octane Number) and RON (Research Octane Number) of automotive gasoline using flame emission spectroscopy and multivariate calibration (partial least squares). We obtained low values of RMSEC (root mean square error of calibration) and RMSEP (root mean square error of prediction), of 0.14 and 0.56, respectively for MON, while these values...
In this study, one of the five jets issued from a 5-hole Direct Injection (DI) injector was studied in detail using Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) and high speed imaging techniques. The tests were carried out in a constant volume vessel with absolute ambient pressures ranging from 0.05 to 0.5MPa and injection pressures ranging from 6.0 to 15.0MPa. Throughout the test conditions, the jet trajectory...
The purpose of this investigation is to reduce the exhaust emissions in a diesel engine without any penalty in the combustion performance using a dual-fuel combustion strategy. The in-cylinder direct injection for diesel and the port injection for gasoline and biogas were applied in a single cylinder diesel engine. The diesel used as the in-cylinder injection source was injected at a very early injection...
Liquid transportation fuels require costly and time-consuming tests to characterize metrics, such as Research Octane Number (RON) for gasoline. If fuel sale restrictions requiring use of standard Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) testing procedures do not apply, these tests may be avoided by using multivariate statistical models to predict RON and other quantities. Existing techniques inform these models...
Acid treated halloysite nanotubes were utilized as a support for the NiO and CoO catalysts for the hydrocracking of the heavy oil residua obtained from vacuum distillation of the Azerbaijan crude oils. Halloysite was treated with hydrochloric acid prior to seeding the catalysts. Catalysts were further activated in plasma furnace at 850°C under argon atmosphere. Oil residue was hydrocracked with the...
In-cylinder reforming of a gasoline pilot fuel injection during the negative valve overlap (NVO) period of an engine cycle can be used to alter the fuel-air mixture reactivity in low-temperature gasoline combustion (LTGC). In the present study, the impact of the NVO reformate on main-period engine performance was evaluated experimentally for four single-component surrogate gasoline fuels (iso-octane,...
Partial least squares regression (PLS) in conjunction with distillation curves (ASTM D86) were used successfully to predict the vapor pressure of automotive gasoline. The errors obtained in the calibration and validation models (0.71 and 0.69kPa) were lower than those reported in the literature. In addition, the proposed method is inexpensive, reduces test time and is easy to implement, making it...
In the present research, macroscopic spray visualization tests were carried out in a constant-volume combustion chamber (CVCC) under replicated ambient conditions of a stratified combustion mode, in order to achieve stable stratified combustion with gasoline and n-butane. With the spray visualization tests, n-butane spray was immediately evaporated after the end of injection, unlike gasoline. Compared...
Ignition delay times were measured behind reflected shock waves in a shock tube for a wide variety of distillate fuels over a range of temperatures, pressures and mixtures. The fuels studied include: jet fuels (JP-5, JP-8, and Jet A), rocket propellants (RP-2), diesel fuels (F-76 and DF-2) and gasoline. A simple correlation was found to describe the ignition delay times for all these fuel/air experiments...
A methodology for estimating the octane index (OI), the research octane number (RON) and the motor octane number (MON) using ignition delay times from a constant volume combustion chamber with liquid fuel injection is proposed by adopting an ignition quality tester. A baseline data of ignition delay times were determined using an ignition quality tester at a charge pressure of 21.3bar between 770...
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