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The Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts, prepared by co-precipitation method, have been modified by adding small amount of Mn, Mg, Zr, Cr, Ba, W and Ce oxides using design of experiments (1/16 full factorial design). The structure and morphology of catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET. Performance of the prepared catalysts for CO/CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol was...
Physical properties, spray behaviour and combustion characteristics of a water-in-diesel emulsion, a water-in-diesel microemulsion and a conventional diesel fuel were investigated. The size of the drops, in the water-containing fuels, was measured by NMR diffusometry. Spray development and combustion were studied by optical methods in an optically accessed combustion vessel at conditions similar to...
Combustion of a single-particle high ash coal char at elevated pressure has been analyzed. A fully transient shrinking reactive core model incorporating a simple mechanistic kinetic scheme is used to study the combustion characteristics of high ash coal char. The model includes heat and mass transfer phenomena, reaction kinetics and intra-particle details. Finite volume method (FVM) has been used...
The influence of calcium and magnesium content of plant oil on performance and formation of deposits in plant oil pressure stoves was the objective of this study. Refined coconut oil of pharmaceutical quality was used as base for fuel blends. Enriched oils comprising four different concentrations of calcium CC and five different concentrations of magnesium MC were prepared by adding single element...
Based on the structural inhomogeneities of coal and intermediate products of coal liquefaction, a new kinetic model was advanced to simulate the Shenhua coal liquefaction catalyzed by SO42=/ZrO 2 solid acid catalyst using kinetic lump method. It was found that coal was hydrocracked to preasphaltene, asphaltene, oil and gas directly, and preasphaltene and asphaltene were further hydrocracked...
Hydrogen-enriched natural gas (HENG) containing a mixture of acetylene, hydrogen, and methane is produced from natural gas feedstock in our plasma dissociation process. Storage of this HENG fuel at pressures up to 4000 psig is required for rapid vehicle refueling. Little information on the stability of acetylene mixtures at elevated pressures is presently available; therefore we have performed stability...
The importance of extractives and storage for sawdust as raw material for wood pellet production was analyzed. Sawdust prepared from eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) together with two commercial raw materials were extracted with acetone or stored at 60°C for 21days. The effects of the treatments were measured on the pellet...
The pyrolysis of tea waste was studied for determining the main characteristics and quantities of liquid and solid products. Particular investigated process variables were temperature (673–973K), heating rate (5–700Kmin −1 ) and nitrogen gas flow rate (200–800cm 3 min −1 ). The maximum oil and char yields are 30.4 (773K) and 43.3% (673K), respectively. The liquid and its aliphatic...
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was carried out in a fixed bed reactor with a highly effective cobalt catalyst for wax production. The procedure for reducing the inactive cobalt oxide to the active cobalt catalyst was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The results showed that 300ml/min H 2 at 350°C for 16h was suitable for reducing the inactive...
Co-current combustion front propagation in a bed of crushed oil shale (OS) leads to the production of liquid oil, of a flue gas and of a solid residue. The objective of this paper was to provide a detailed chemical characterization of Timahdit oil shale and of its smoldering combustion products. The amount of fixed carbon (FC) formed during devolatilization is measured at 4.7% of the initial mass...
In this paper response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil for biodiesel production. The three main factors that drive the conversion of triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were studied according to a full factorial design at two levels. These factors were catalyst concentration (KOH), temperature and reaction time. The range...
Two South African coals similar in rank and age, but different in maceral composition, were studied using solvent swelling. Inertinite-rich Highveld coal (dominated by semifusinite) and vitrinite-rich Waterberg coal were evaluated for swelling extent and swelling rate using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and CS 2 /NMP. A stop-motion videography method was developed to study individual particle...
The precise determination of the heat of combustion is of great importance for trading automotive diesel. The net heat of combustion (NHC) of fuel is related to the hydrogen elemental composition of fuel as obtained by elemental analysis. Heat of combustion expressed as gross heat of combustion (GHC) and net heat of combustion (NHC) have been predicted from data obtained by proximate analysis (density,...
Downstream Inflow Turbulent Boundary Conditions (DITurBC) are presented for the Eulerian–Eulerian Large Eddy Simulation (LES) or Reynolds Average Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulation of Diesel Sprays. These boundary conditions initiate the spray physics close to the nozzle exit, which avoids the difficulties linked to the 3D simulation of cavitation, primary break-up and turbulence in the near-nozzle region...
Fixed-bed combustion in a tube reactor is a useful procedure to exploit a large variety of biomasses obtaining accurate in-bed data. In this paper, the ignition front propagation velocity is experimentally studied in a counter-current process for eight different biomass fuels with a wide range of origins, compositions and packing properties. Air mass flow rate is the main operative parameter and clearly...
Among the options explored for alternative energy sources, bio-diesel is one of the most attractive. This paper discussed about the various production processes, few of which are applied at industrial level also, to produce basically FAME (later can be utilized as bio-diesel after purification) and will be termed as bio-diesel in this paper. Transesterification of vegetable oils/fats and extraction...
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