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This review will be concentrated on the application of hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO) produced from the triglycerides based biomass such as vegetable oil, animal fat, waste cooking oil and algae to compression ignition (CI) engines.Main problem in the application of HVO to CI engines is the poor low-temperature properties. The upgrading technology of cold flow properties of HVO reported in the...
Alkaline pretreatment of wheat plant (WP), including its grains and straw, was investigated under different conditions in order to enhance biomethane production at mesophilic temperature. Alkaline pretreatment was performed using 8% (w/v) NaOH solution at different temperatures (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100°C). The best improvement in the yield of methane production was achieved by pretreatment at 75°C for...
This study aims at measuring heat capacity on a large range of biomass types and on pyrolysis chars obtained under conditions representative of industrial reactors for further use of these data in thermal conversion models. As expected, linear increase could be observed with temperature for the 21 biomasses tested between 313K and 353K. The relative difference of heat capacity between the different...
Filter plugging is one of the main cold flow problems associated with the use of biodiesel blends in cold climates. We developed a new fuel screening test to analyze the cold flow properties of the biodiesel and its blends with ULSD based on pressure drop measurements across a test filter. The fuel is pumped through a test filter under controlled temperature and flow conditions and the pressure drop...
The thermal dissolution (TD) of a Chinese sub-bituminous coal was carried out with different solvents, and five thermal dissolution soluble fractions (TDSFs) with different thermal dissolution soluble yield (TDSY) were obtained. The catalytic hydro-liquefactions of the five TDSFs suggested that the TDSFs obtained have higher liquefaction activity compared to that of raw coal. There is no relation...
Oxy-steam combustion technology in which the mixtures of oxygen and steam are used as oxidizer instead of air is a new generation oxy-fuel combustion technology. The combustion characteristics of SH and PDS pulverized coal in O 2 /H 2 O mixtures are studied using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis technology in this paper. The effect of combustion atmosphere, oxygen concentration,...
New chemical compositions of model asphalts to represent the AAA-1, AAK-1 and AAM-1 asphalts of the Strategic Highway Research Program are proposed to enable molecular simulations that can further an understanding of asphalt physical, rheological and mechanical properties. Molecules for the three model asphalt systems were selected from compounds that had been identified in petroleum and geochemistry...
Experiments were conducted in a drop tube furnace (DTF) for a bituminous coal, two coal particle size distributions (unsieved coal with a mass mean diameter of 76μm and sieved coal with a mass mean diameter of 29μm) and three oxy-fuel atmospheres (21% O 2 /79% CO 2 , 26% O 2 /74% CO 2 and 31% O 2 /69% CO 2 ) at a furnace temperature of 1100°C. For comparison...
The present study investigated the storage stability of two commercially available biodiesels and their blends with diesel spiked with different impurities, which were stored at two different temperatures (15 and 40°C) with air tight and light screen. These samples were periodically monitored during the whole storage period by measuring a number of properties, such as acid value (AV), induction time...
In this work, ethanol was mixed with biodiesel–diesel blends and the effect of ethanol concentration on diesel emissions was investigated. Both low and high concentrations of ethanol were studied. Ethanol concentrations were varied at 3%, 5%, 15% and 25% in biodiesel–diesel–ethanol (BDE), while biodiesel and diesel concentrations were maintained equal (BDE3, BDE5, BDE15 and BDE25). Emission characteristics...
In this study, sodium methoxide (CH 3 ONa) catalyst with a microwave heating system was used to improve palm methyl ester yields, and reduce both reaction time and energy consumption. The experimental results indicate that the palm methyl ester yield first increased along with the amount of catalyst, reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio, and reaction power, and then decreased as these...
This paper reports the Research (RON) and Motor (MON) Octane Numbers of ethanol blended with production gasoline, four gasoline surrogates, n-heptane, isooctane and toluene. The ethanol concentration was varied from zero to 100%, resulting in a clear picture of the variations of the RONs and MONs in all cases. Of initial interest are the RONs and MONs of ethanol blended with an Australian production...
An alternative method is proposed for the determination of calcium in biodiesel samples using square-wave voltammetry and a glassy carbon electrode in a solution containing EDTA. A microwave assisted acid digestion of the biodiesel samples was carried out before analysis. Experimental parameters such as deposition potential, deposition time, frequency, amplitude, step potential, were optimized for...
In the present study, the effects of water injection (WI) into intake air on the performance and exhaust emissions were experimentally investigated in a Renault K9K 700 type turbocharged common-rail DI automotive diesel engine. Experiments were performed at different loads and engine speeds, with various water ratios (WRs). The water was injected into intake air by a carburetor, which main nozzle...
The catalytic pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of low calorific value Turkish lignite in various ambient conditions were explored and the evolution of gases during pyrolysis tests was examined using a Thermogravimetric Analyzer coupled with a Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (TGA–FTIR). Potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) and iron (III)...
In this paper, the automatically generated mechanism for hexadecane with both high and low temperature chemistry included is compared to a systematically generated mechanism by hand. In contrast to other systems for automatic generation, the REACTION system uses pathways to organize the application of reaction classes. A pathway is a sequence of reaction classes where only those species produced by...
The challenges in maintaining a stable oxy-coal flame have been reported in the open literature. In case of pulverized coal combustion, narrower flammable regimes arise not only of differences in the feed gas composition, but also due to changes in the flow dynamics because of reduced volume flow rate through the burners to match similar temperatures and radiative heat transfer within the furnace...
Pyrolysis liquids from the slow pyrolysis of a german brown coal obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures were analyzed by electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) in negative ion mode. Singly charged ions in the range from m/z=200 to 700 were observed. Assignment of molecular formulas revealed mainly oxygen containing species, which are...
The paper reports on experiments of glucose gasification with water near critical point. The adoption of these process conditions revealed advantages in terms of biomass conversion efficiency as the resulting liquid phase includes some important compounds (HFM, furfural). Tree phases were produced, collected and then analysed: solid (23% w/w) liquid (70%) and gas (7%). The predominance of non gaseous...
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