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This paper presents a method for correlating the octane numbers of fuel mixtures, and applies this to the study of toluene reference fuels (TRFs) blended with ethanol. This method combines linear regression and exhaustive (or brute-force) searching for optimal Scheffé polynomials, where optimality is defined as the shortest polynomial that meets a reasonable estimate of the reproducibility limits...
Biodiesel is the potential substitute to petroleum diesel due to its renewable nature as it is derived from bio-based feedstocks. Both methanol and ethanol have been used as alcohol in transesterification reaction, but as methanol is normally derived from fossil resources, biodiesel produced cannot be termed as completely renewable. As per policies of government of India, Ethanol is being promoted...
In-cylinder air flow structures are known to play a major role in mixture preparation and engine operating limits for spark-ignition engines. In this paper PIV measurements were undertaken in an optical spark-ignition at 1500RPM, part-load with 0.5bar intake plenum pressure. One of the PIV planes was vertical, cutting through the centrally located spark plug (tumble plane). The other plane was horizontal...
Diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends have been the focus of intense research quite recently. Diesel is a complex fuel composed of hundreds of compounds indicating the difficulty of using diesel for experimental studies associated with numerical simulations. Biodiesel is also a complex mixture of methyl esters. When injected in a diesel engine in the pure form, it induces changes in combustion behavior...
This study reports an assessment of free fatty acid esterification reactions with ethanol using montmorillonite K10 as catalyst, a commercial solid catalyst known for having high performance in several catalytic processes. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to perform reactions of FFA (lauric, stearic and oleic acids) ethyl esterification, checking how different chain lengths and unsaturation...
Particulate formation due to combustion of a wide range of ethanol-gasoline blends were investigated in an internal combustion engine. The engine used for this study is a single-cylinder research engine, the architecture of which is representative of a modern spark ignited direct injected (SIDI) engine. Instead of direct injection, the engine was fueled using a premixed prevaporized (PMPV) mode, which...
Downsized spark ignition engines have the benefit of high thermal efficiency; however, severe engine knock is a challenge. Ethanol, a renewable gasoline alternative, has a much higher octane rating and heat of vaporization than conventional gasoline, therefore, ethanol fuels are one of the options to prevent knock in downsized engines. However, the performance of ethanol blends in modern downsized...
Low-temperature sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification and ethanol fermentation were evaluated for hazelnut shell cellulose to fermentable sugars and ethanol. Maximum glucose recovery (48.33g/100g cellulose) was achieved with 6% NaOH for 72h and at 1/10 solid/liquid ratio. At these conditions, 41.18% of lignin was removed. The theoretical ethanol yield (ethanol produced/potential...
In this study, the concept of in-cylinder thermochemical fuel reforming (TFR), which involves running one cylinder rich of stoichiometric and routing its entire exhaust back into the intake manifold, were examined on a four-cylinder spark ignition natural gas (NG) engine. Extra natural gas fuel (NG enrichment) was port injected into cylinder #4 (TFR cylinder) to realize its rich running. Results indicated...
Kinematic viscosities were measured for ethanol and n-butanol blends with diesel and biodiesel fuels, showing that increasing alcohol contents contributed to a non-linear decrease in the viscosity. Only ethanol blends with alcohol content lower than 36% (volume basis) fulfill diesel fuel quality standard, whereas the whole range of n-butanol blends fulfills this standard. Generalized correlations...
The effects of atmospheric and pure CO2 on the pHe of ethanol were examined. Large quantities of CO2 were shown to decrease the pHe while atmospheric CO2 had limited effect.
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the influence of different high octane fuels (such as eucalyptus oil, ethanol and methanol) on combustion behaviour of a Mahua oil based dual fuel engine. A single cylinder diesel engine developing a power output of 3.7kW at 1500rpm was modified and tested under dual fuel mode of operation. Initially the engine was run using neat diesel (ND), neat Mahua...
Biodiesel production from Mucor circinelloides biomass was investigated by conventional method involving the lipid extraction using ethanol followed by transesterification (two-step process) in comparison with directly producing from the whole biomass without extraction (one-step process). Both processes used solid heteropolyacid catalyst (12-molybdophosphoric acid (H3PMo12O40) support on alumina...
Working conditions of advanced aircraft engines are developing from conventional to ultra-conventional conditions, and it should enhance the basic research on the atomization and combustion of the aviation fuel. Combustion instability leads severe vibration to the engine combustion device and even the entire system, and it also causes significant damage to the system components. The fuel atomization...
Ethanol is a biofuel that can be used as an alternative fuel or as a blending component for combustion engines. This requires more information and systematic investigation of the explosion parameters of ethanol in air under various conditions. The most frequently used pressure-related parameters for risk assessment – the maximum explosion pressures, the maximum rates of pressure rise, the severity...
Acetic acid hydrogenation has been carried out over Rh/Al2O3 and RhSn/Al2O3 with various Sn/Rh ratios and different loadings. Metallic Rh, Rh oxides and Sn oxides were detected after reduction of RhSn/Al2O3 at 623K. Spillover of hydrogen was observed in H2 desorption process due to the coexistence of metallic Rh and Sn oxides. The addition of Sn improved dissociation of COH bond and stabilized top...
In this study, alcohol fuels such as ethanol and isopropanol were used as additives with diesel fuel and two blends (15% ethanol-85% diesel fuel, and 15% isopropanol-85% diesel fuel) were prepared. Detailed and comparative performance, combustion, injection, and emission analysis of these blends and pure diesel fuel were performed in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. The test engine...
The adsorption properties of silica-gel supported sulfur-containing PAMAM dendrimers (SiO2-G0-MITC∼SiO2-G2.0-MITC) for Hg(II) and Ag(I) from fuel ethanol were investigated. The effect of contact time, temperature, and initial concentration of metal ions on the adsorption was investigated by batch method. Kinetic adsorption can be well depicted by pseudo-second-order model and was controlled by film...
Higher octane gasoline will be an important factor in enabling future spark-ignition engines to meet increasingly stringent fuel economy and CO2 emissions requirements. The most effective method to raise the octane ‘floor’ of regular grade gasoline is through the use high octane blend components, such as methanol and ethanol. However, this is often limited by the negative effects associated with energy...
Mn-Cu mixed oxides were deposited by ultrasonic impregnation on ceramic honeycomb monoliths. Its catalytic performance was evaluated in the combustion of ethanol and n-hexane, VOC molecules of different chemical nature. The catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, SEM-EDS, XRD, X-ray fluorescence, XPS, TPR, TPD-O2 and OSC measurements. It was observed that the catalyst with the lowest content...
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