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Ni-based SCWG catalysts attract more attention for its high activity and relatively low cost. However, carbon deposition, which is one of the serious problems, reduces the activity of Ni-based catalysts. Ni/CeO 2 /Al 2 O 3 catalysts with different Ce loading were prepared by a wet impregnation method. The performance of catalyst in supercritical water was tested in an autoclave...
Torrefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), waste products from the palm oil industry, was carried out in a fixed-bed tubular reactor in the presence of oxygen at concentrations ranging from 0% to 15%. The effects of oxygen concentration (0%, 3%, 9% and 15%), temperature (493, 523 and 573K) and biomass size (0.375, 1.5, 3 and 6mm) on the torrefaction mass and energy yields were investigated...
This work presents the development of a kinetic model for the thermal cracking of vacuum residues in a pilot-scale semi-batch reactor, which simulates the cracking operation performed in the Eureka process. The vacuum residues were derived from three Kuwaiti crude oils, both conventional and heavy. Experimental data was obtained at three cracking temperatures (400, 415, and 430°C) and three reaction...
Thermal lens (TL) spectroscopy in a dual-beam configuration was applied in a study on biodiesel and oil–biodiesel blends. The goal of this work was to evaluate the behavior of the thermal and mass diffusivities that arose when oil was added to biodiesel and to verify the capability of the method to identify small concentrations of triacylglycerol in biofuel. When transitioning from pure biodiesel...
Two iron oxide based sorbents, TG-1 and TG-F, with high desulfurization efficiency, were selected for simultaneous removal of H 2 S and Hg from simulated syngas. Our evaluation tests were carried out using a fixed bed reactor at different temperatures and in ambient atmosphere. The different activities for the simultaneous removal of H 2 S and Hg between TG-1 and TG-F or TG-1-S (denoted...
Steam plays a vital role in the gasification process. This study aims to investigate the changes in char structure and reactivity during the gasification of Victorian brown coal. A Loy Yang brown coal sample was gasified at 800°C in a novel fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor in three different gasification atmospheres: 15% H 2 O balanced with argon, 4000ppm O 2 balanced with CO 2...
Physical properties and chemical components of an Alaska heavy oil from the Ugnu formation were studied by viscosity measurements, molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The viscous samples rheology was measured between −10°C and 60°C using small amplitude oscillatory shear tests for viscosity, which...
We imaged sandstone cores at residual gas saturation (S gr ) with synchrotron radiation at a nominal resolution of (9μm) 3 . We studied two three-phase flooding sequences: (1) gas injection into a core containing oil and initial water followed by a waterflood (gw process); (2) gas injection into a waterflooded core followed by another waterflood (wgw process). In the gw flood we measured...
This paper presents an experimental research concerning the catalytic gasification of waste biomass to synthesis gas using Ni-loaded brown coal char (Ni/BCC). The attention is focused on the catalytic conditions for enhancing the synthesis gas production, improving its composition and extending the catalyst lifetime. The aim is achieved by means of the characterization of Ni/BCC and the product gas...
The kinetics of vapour-phase cracking of nascent volatiles generated from the fast pyrolysis of cellulose was studied both experimentally and numerically. A two-stage tubular reactor (TS-TR) was developed for evaluating the reaction kinetics of secondary vapour-phase cracking of cellulose while minimising volatile-char interactions. The TS-TR was divided by a filter into two zones, one for the rapid...
The devolatilisation behaviour of solid fuels and the reactivity of the resulting char are important design parameters for entrained flow gasifiers. The volatile yield and devolatilisation rate of two coals are measured in a pressurised high temperature entrained flow reactor at up to 1600°C and 4.0MPa and in a wire mesh reactor. A pyrolysis model is derived that describes the influences of temperature,...
Torrefaction of woody biomass as a thermal pretreatment to increase biomass energy density is prerequisite to many thermochemical conversions. An ionic-liquid (IL) biomass torrefaction route was proposed and investigated as an alternative to conventional dry and wet torrefaction for enhancing the rate of biomass torrefaction and for potentially improving the quality of torrefied solid products. Ionic...
A novel technique is described which provides quantitative and continuous analysis of light gas and condensable tar components as they are evolved in terms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The technique has also been used to directly characterise the total tar sample in terms of carbon distribution and boiling point. It has been found that changes to the dynamic tar-H/C ratio correspond well with particular...
In this work, a series of Lewis acidic ionic liquids (ILs), dialkylpyridinium tetrachloroferrates [C 43 MPy] FeCl4,[C 83 MPy] FeCl4, and [C 83 MPy] FeCl4), was synthesized and utilized as extractant and catalyst to investigate the oxidative removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model oil, with 30wt% hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) solution as oxidant...
New flamelet equations for spray combustion considering evaporation effects are derived in the mixture fraction space based on the instantaneous Eulerian transport equations for gas phase and Lagrangian descriptions for droplets. The novelty of these equations lies in some source terms related to evaporation which were neglected in previous studies. The influences of spray evaporation on flamelet...
We report the spatial structure of the reaction zone from a diluted, preheated fuel jet in hot coflowing oxidizer in laminar flow, using an axisymmetric laminar-jet-in-hot-coflow (LJHC) burner. In the experiments, a preheated CH 4 /N 2 (20/80) mixture at ∼1100K flows into the 1500K products of a flat, premixed burner-stabilized flame, having 3mol% residual oxygen. Measurements of major...
The catalytic deoxygenation of triglycerides and fatty acids to hydrocarbons through decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCO x ) has been investigated in a semi-batch autoclave over 20wt.% Ni/C and 5wt.% Pd/C catalysts. The boiling point distribution plots of the reaction products show that 20wt.% Ni/C tends to yield lighter products in the C10–C17 range than 5wt.% Pd/C, a fact which may be...
A new and simple strategy for the simultaneous determination of ethanol and methanol in fuel ethanol using cyclic voltammetry at a gold electrode is reported. A fuel ethanol aliquot was added into an electrochemical cell containing 0.5molL −1 NaOH and 0.1% (v/v) of methanol as the electrolyte and both analytes were determined using cyclic voltammetry. Ethanol was selectively detected at +0...
The effect of inorganic chlorides on volatilization of lead compounds from CaO–SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 molten slag under simulating conditions of gasification and melting of municipal solid waste was studied.It was found from the experiments that the volatilization of lead compounds from CaO (30wt.%)–SiO 2 (50wt.%)–Al 2 O 3 (20wt.%) molten slag in a lab-scale...
The effects of post injection on engine combustion characteristics and emission reduction were investigated at low speed and low load conditions. Combustion performance and exhaust emissions were tested by varying the post injection timings and quantities. The main injection was fixed at 2 crank angle degree after top dead center. Post injection timing varied from 12 to 50 crank angle degree after...
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