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The reactions reviewed here concern those between elemental carbon and NO 2 , N 2 O and NO, sometimes in the presence of oxygen. The section on NO includes only updates to recent reviews. Soots, activated carbons and carbon blacks are more reactive than graphite. The magnitudes of the reaction rates are found to be: NO 2 >N 2 O≈NO≈O 2 . The presence of a...
Combustion simulations were conducted to investigate the parameters controlling the formation of unburned carbon in fly ash from coal reburning in a coal-fired boiler. Unburned carbon (UBC or Loss on ignition, LOI) was generally caused by particles flowing through fuel-rich regions and/or spending insufficient residence time in the furnace. LOI contributions by each individual coal source were identified...
The flame structure at small Damköhler number and large Karlovitz number is still unknown. In the present study, the reaction zone structure in a distributed reaction zone regime was investigated extensively. The OH–PLIF images suggested that there are no thin laminar flamelets and that the reacting eddies were distributed throughout the reactor. With the cross-correlation of ion signals, the scale...
The formation of N-containing products during char–steam gasification has been investigated in a laboratory scale fixed bed reactor. Experiments were conducted at 1000°C, 0.1–1.0MPa, and 6–46% of H 2 O in He base flow. Two very different coal chars, which were prepared from the rapid heating of Australian bituminous and sub-bituminous coals, were studied. The nitrogen-containing products released...
Natural gas has been recently used as an alternative to conventional fuels in order to satisfy some environmental and economical concerns. In this study, a natural gas spark-ignition engine employing cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) strategy in a high pressure inlet condition was optimized. Both engine compression ratio and start of combustion timing were optimized in order to obtain the lowest...
The combustion of coal for power generation will continue to play a major role in the future, however, this must be achieved using cleaner technologies than we use at present. Scrap tyre arisings in the UK are 400,000 tonnes per year amounting to 30 million tyres and in the EU as a whole, more than 2.5 million tonnes of tyres per year are scrapped. The recent EC Waste Landfill Directive (1999) sets...
The possibility of high-temperature reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) in oxy-fuel combustion is investigated. A detailed gas-phase model identifies the effect of temperature, stoichiometric ratio, residence time and composition of the oxidizer on NO x reduction. It is concluded that an efficient high-temperature reduction of NO x is achieved with high-purity oxygen, negligible...
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