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We have investigated the role of ash forming elements on the conversion of char-N to NO. The NO release was measured from combustion of single biomass particles, both in their raw state and after demineralization. The investigated biomasses were: dried distiller’s grain with soluble (DDGS), sunflower seed, softwood, straw and torrefied wood. For three of the five raw biomasses, the NO release increased...
This work investigated the removal of saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from FAME mixtures by winterization, employing additives as solid–liquid phase separation improvers during the cooling process. Model mixtures were prepared by blending saturated FAMEs (methyl palmitate and methyl stearate) and an unsaturated FAME (methyl oleate). Sorbitan monopalmitate (Span40) and Sorbitan monostearate...
The characterization of coal pore structure is extremely important to coalbed methane exploitation and the prevention of gas disaster in coal mines. Various techniques have been employed to characterize the pore size distribution (PSD) in coals. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) cryoporometry is a relative new technique that can be applied to obtain PSD of porous materials. However, seldom works has...
Recent imbibition experiments show that the oil uptake of organic-rich tight rocks is significantly higher than their water uptake. The ratio, m, between oil and water imbibition rate from these experiments, mexp, is significantly higher than that predicted by classical imbibition models which are based on Young-Laplace equation such as Handy model, mHD; i.e. mexp>mHD. We hypothesize that this...
In order to improve the engine thermal efficiency with reduced emissions, substantial studies have been carried out to investigate the factors affecting the fuel spray characteristics such as nozzle geometry, fuel property, and injection and ambient conditions. However, most of the previous studies have focused on the macroscopic structures of the fuel sprays, but detailed structures of internal spray...
Composites of physical (superabsorbent hydrogel) and chemical (ascorbic acid) inhibitors were investigated to ascertain their ability to prevent the spontaneous combustion of coal. CO emissions from the oxidation of the composite inhibitor-treated coal were markedly lower than those for tests with raw coal. Less oxygen was also consumed during low-temperature oxidation, while the crossing point temperature...
Conceptual design for two options of carbon-dioxide-utilized gas-to-methanol process (CGTM) was implemented by using process simulation software Aspen Plus. The overall mass and energy stream results as well as the thermal and carbon efficiency were obtained from the developed process models. Before the following economic evaluation and sensitivity analysis, total capital investment (TCI) and total...
During underground coal gasification (UCG), the expansion of the three reaction zones (oxidation zone, reduction zone, and dry distillation zone) is closely related to the stability of the gasification process and to the calorific value of the producer gas. The gasification channel structure also greatly affects the expansion process. In this article, the temperature field map and changes in producer...
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) fracturing is a promising technology for developing shale gas because it can effectively solve problems related to shale swelling and lack of water resources. This work conducted simulation experiments on SC-CO2 fracturing in shale for the first time. Compared with hydraulic fracturing, using SC-CO2 as the fracturing fluid reduces the pressure needed to initiate...
The flash boiling sprays in a single-cylinder optical gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were studied using phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) and high-speed photography. Initially, the factors which may influence the in-cylinder measurement reliability of PDPA were carefully examined under atmospheric conditions. Afterwards, engine experiments were conducted under idle and wide open throttle...
Thermal cracking of Athabasca vacuum residue (AVR) and Athabasca bitumen (AB) and their maltene fraction was investigated at 400°C in a closed system, i.e. autoclave. The effect of the following variables on the product yield and the properties of the liquid fraction and its maltene extract was evaluated: residence time, pressure of the reactor unit, stirring, temperature and asphaltenes content of...
A new approach for the rapid destruction of human waste using smouldering combustion is presented. Recently, self-sustaining smouldering combustion was shown to destroy the organic component of simulated human solid waste and dog faeces resulting in the sanitization of all pathogens using a batch process (Yermán et al., 2015). Here, a continuous smouldering process is demonstrated for the first time,...
This study aimed to synthesized zeolites via a hydrothermal process in an alkaline medium using coal fly ashes as an alternative source of silicon. The zeolites were evaluated for their crystallinity, morphology, and surface area. The characterization of the sample revealed that the zeolite type sodalite was synthesized, and quartz and mullite were identified as by-products. The microstructure of...
In this study, a novel method optimizing direct dimethyl ether generation from syngas is proposed. A bi-functional catalyst is used containing commercial catalyst for direct DME synthesis (CuO/ZnO/Al2O3). The length of reactor has been discretized into twenty segments and optimum temperature profile in the inlet of each segment and the amount of water removal from the main stream are calculated. This...
A high sulfur content in Jordanian oil shale is considered one of the biggest challenges preventing its full utilization. To resolve this issue, direct limestone injection during staged combustion has been investigated for the simultaneous control of NO and SO2 emissions. Staged El-Lajjun oil shale combustion under oxyfuel conditions and conventional air-firing conditions was performed at 1200°C in...
Fundamental properties such as flame structure and laminar burning speed of syngas/O2/He premixed flames have been investigated. Synthetic gas, also known as syngas, is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide that has been used in the present study. Three different mole fractions of 5%, 10% and 25% of hydrogen in the syngas were used in this research. Experiments were done in a cylindrical and a...
Petcoke, as a byproduct of petroleum refinery process, can be used as feedstock of gasifiers due to its high carbon content and high calorific value. However, its low gasification reactivity and low ash content restrict its application to some gasifiers. In this work, experimental study on co-gasification reactivity of petcoke with coal under CO2 atmosphere was investigated in a drop-in-fixed-bed...
The pre-ignition is very challenging for modern gasoline engines with high pressure boost and gasoline direct injection (GDI) system. Except optical imaging method, effective pre-ignition diagnostic methods are very limited. This paper presents the recent research in the feasibility of using ion current for pre-ignition diagnosis. In agreement with the theory of the ion current based pre-ignition...
For the first time, 2-methoxyethanol (C3H8O2) was used for producing pure hydrogen in a catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) via steam reforming (SR). The SR experiments were performed at 923K and 1–10bar using a mixture of 2-methoxyethanol (MEX) and water at S/C ratio of 3. Moreover, SR experiments were performed under the same operating conditions using ethylene glycol (EG), methanol (MET), and a mixture...
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