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The purpose of this work is to characterise biomass ash behaviour in a bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) combustion pilot plant (1MWth) with silica as the bed material and using a woody biomass, poplar, and a herbaceous biomass, Brassica carinata. Ash characterisation and mass balances of the inorganic elements with relevance for bed agglomeration, fouling and emissions were performed in the BFB combustion...
The three-dimensional large-eddy simulation (LES) is carried out for a piloted methane–air jet flame (Flame C), measured in Sandia National Laboratory, and its statistical results are validated by experimental data. The LES statistically-averaged time-averaged temperature, the root mean square (RMS) value of temperature, and time-averaged methane and oxygen concentration are compared with those obtained...
Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is a method for the combustion of fuel gas with inherent separation of carbon dioxide. This technique involves the use of two interconnected reactors. A solid oxygen carrier reacts with the oxygen in air in the air reactor and is then transferred to the fuel reactor, where the fuel gas is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by the oxygen carrier. Fuel gas and air...
A computational fluid dynamic modelling study of a jet fluidised bed gasifier has been carried out. The modelling was based on the Eulerian–Eulerian models for gas and solid flows, which take into account the hydrodynamics, mass and heat transfer, and heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions. The bubble dynamics was simulated in detail, enabling its effect on temperature distributions, gasification...
A correlation predicting the effectiveness of a two-step acid wash coal cleaning protocol using sequential leaching of mercury from the coal was developed and the effectiveness of the two-step wash procedure was then determined for two bituminous coals. Increasing the hydrochloric acid concentration and temperature in the USGS four stage sequential leaching protocol increased the amount of mercury...
The concern over ‘global warming’ and ‘acid rain’, stands out the possibility of re-converting fuel-oil boilers into natural gas, because SO 2 emissions would be almost annulled but also because it would mean a great decreasing of ‘carbon’ in the fuel matrix, reducing also CO 2 emissions. Another important fact is the progressive substitution of conventional power plant schemes for...
The combustion behavior and kinetics of various biomass chars, a lignite and a hard coal char and their blends were investigated. Pure fuel chars were compared to blended chars with respect to their performance during combustion. Non-isothermal thermogravimetry experiments were performed in air atmosphere, over a temperature range of 25–850°C and at a heating rate of 10°C/min. Kinetic evaluation was...
A detailed experimental study was performed in a trickle-bed reactor using bitumen derived gas oil. The objective of this work was to compare the activity of NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst containing boron or phosphorus for the hydrotreating and mild hydrocracking of bitumen derived gas oil. Experiments were performed at the temperature and LHSV of 340–420°C and 0.5–2h −1 , respectively,...
The treatment of the coal organic matter by ozone is shown by means of the chemical analysis and IR-spectroscopy to result in the redistribution of oxygen atoms in the functional groups. Based on the X-ray diffraction data, it has been shown that the change of the macromolecular organization of the coal organic matter under ozonization is due to the transformation of an amorphous phase, i.e. the formation...
Four commercial asphalt release agents were chemically characterized using different analytical methods. Functional groups and molecular weight distributions were determined by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and mass spectrometry (MS). General compositions of the agents were obtained as petroleum hydrocarbons, fatty...
A comparison of flame structures between methane–air and propane–air laminar partially premixed flames has been made through the centerline concentration distributions of selected species measured using gas chromatography. The concentrations of fuel, major species like O 2 , CO and CO 2 and those of the intermediate hydrocarbons like C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 ...
Thermogravimetry analysis and gas chromatography techniques are used at different heating rates (from 5 to 50K/min) to map all the products and to develop suitable kinetic models of biomass pyrolysis. A three-independent-parallel-reactions model is used to model kinetic of total devolatilization. This part accounts for the total char yield and devolatilization time. The evolutions of condensable vapors...
The improved flame retardancy of asphalt binders containing various kinds of flame retardants including antimony trioxide, decabromodiphenyl ether (EBPED), aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) and zinc borate (ZB) under different additive concentrations was investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test. To assess the effects of the type and concentration of the...
In a previous paper [Scott SA, Dennis JS, Davidson JF, Hayhurst AN. Chem Eng Sci; 2005; in press [1]] an algorithm was described, which provided a detailed description of the kinetics of devolatilisation of quite complex fuels from conventional thermogravimetric analyses. Such experiments are described here. They measure the loss of mass of a solid whilst it undergoes thermal decomposition, when subjected...
Coal mine methane (CMM) is not only a greenhouse gas but also a wasted energy resource if not utilised. Underground coal mining is by far the most important source of fugitive mine methane, and approximately 70% of all coal mining related emissions are from underground ventilation air. Hence, research and development on mine methane capture, mitigation and utilisation should focus on methane emitted...
The main purposes of the study presented in this paper are to select the optimal temperature of dry ashing and to carry out posterior analyses of elements in the ash formed. The concentration of elements from biomass was compared with the concentration of elements in ash obtained at 400, 500, 550, 600 and 800°C, utilising four woody and herbaceous biomasses: pine chips, poplar chips, thistle and wheat...
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