Although investigations into the pattern of neuropsychological deficits in children and adolescents with conduct disorders have produced mixed results, several studies have reported significant attention problems, impulsivity, and language deficiences, particularly in individuals with a history of assaultive behaviors. This study was designed to examine the neuropsychological functioning of a group of children and adolescents with conduct disorders and a history of aggressive/assaultive behaviors (n = 25), and to compare them to a heterogeneous group of children with learning disabilities (n = 25). The study included 50 children and adolescents, ages 6-17 years (M = 13.7), who were mostly Caucasian (56%), male (70%), and from a low to low-middle socioeconomic strata. None of the subjects had a documented history of frank neurologic or psychotic impairment. The two groups did not differ in terms of demographic variables; however, the conduct disorder group did take more medications, had a higher incidence of physical/sexual abuse, and received a larger number of diagnoses, and these variables were covaried in subsequent analyses. Results indicated that the conduct disorder group did show more attention and language dysfunction than the learning disabled group, even when controlling for number of medications, history of abuse, and number of diagnoses, and they exhibited more impaired executive functions. No differences were noted on motor, sensory, visual-perceptual, or memory functions. These results support earlier findings implicating the presence of specific neuropsychological deficits in children and adolescents with a history of aggressive/assaultive behaviors, and suggest the importance of providing a thorough neuropsychological examination for individuals with these behavioral features.