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Limb reduction and loss are hallmarks of snake evolution. Although advanced snakes are completely limbless, basal and intermediate snakes retain pelvic girdles and small rudiments of the femur. Moreover, legs may have re-emerged in extinct snake lineages [1–5], suggesting that the mechanisms of limb development were not completely lost in snakes. Here we report that hindlimb development arrests in...
The first cell of an animal (zygote) requires centrosomes that are assembled from paternally inherited centrioles and maternally inherited pericentriolar material (PCM) [1]. In some animals, sperm centrioles with typical ultrastructure are the origin of the first centrosomes in the zygote [2–4]. In other animals, however, sperm centrioles lose their proteins and are thought to be degenerated and non-functional...
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