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Several lines of evidence suggest that l-type calcium (Ca 2+ ) channels play a role in excessive ethanol (EtOH) intake. In accordance with this, a considerable amount of antagonists for these ion channels has been found to suppress EtOH intake and preference in various animal models of alcoholism. The aim of the present study was to examine antialcohol effects of l-type Ca 2 ...
Neonatal alcohol exposure during the first 1-2 weeks of age is known to produce subsequent behavioral hyperactivity in rats. However, little is known about the effects of alcohol exposure during adolescence on subsequent adult behavior. In the present study, male and female P rats had free access to 10% alcohol during adolescence (3-8 weeks of age). After 8 days of abstinence, their behavior was...
The effects of alcohol and pregnancy on venous blood pH, gases (pO 2 , pCO 2 ), bicarbonate (HCO -3 ), and glucose and lactate were examined in pregnant and nonpregnant female rats using anaerobic analytical methods of blood collection. Baseline measurements were obtained prior to treatment and then at 30 min, 1, 2, and 4 h after gastric intubation with 0, 2, 4, or 6...
The long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) lines of mice were selectively bred for differential sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of ethanol. Several studies suggest that excitatory amino acid receptor systems are involved in these genetically determined differences in sensitivity to ethanol. The experiments described in this article examine further the potential role of NMDA excitatory amino acid...
Fetal hypoxia is a hypothesized mechanism of ethanol teratogenesis. The objective of this study was to test this hypothesis by determining the effects of maternal ethanol infusion on uterine blood flow (UBF) and fetal oxygen status. UBF was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe placed around the left maternal uterine artery of the surgically recovered instrumented near-term pregnant sheep...
Previous research has suggested that brain catecholamines may be involved in regulating ethanol intake. This study was designed to look more specifically at dopamine (DA) and whether DA D 2 receptor blockade with the antagonist pimozide would alter ethanol consumption in rats. Subjects were male Maudsley Reactive and Wistar rats, the former previously shown to consume larger amounts of ethanol...
Ethanol consumption combined with smoking increases the risk of cancer in many tissues. Such a mechanism implies the involvement of cytochrome P450 alcohol (CYP2E1), which is regulated by numerous xenobiotics. The combination of P450 2E1 inducers (acetone or pyridine) and 3-methylcholanthrene during rat treatment was shown to decrease the liver P450 2E1 content while it enhanced its expression in...
By forcing adrenalectomized (ADX) and sham-operated (SHAM) rats to chronically drink ethanol by mean of presentation of only one drinking bottle containing 10% ethanol, no differences occurred between both groups. ADX and SHAM rats were then exposed to chronic alcoholization using an inhalation procedure. After sejourning 3 weeks into the alcoholization chamber, rats were submitted to a free-choice...
Prolonged alcohol intake affects the morphology of the hippocampal formation of the rat and the resulting alterations do not reverse after withdrawal. Actually, an increase of the degenerative activity might occur in this condition. This unexpected observation prompted us to test the efficacy of neuronoprotective drugs during withdrawal. Because in a previous study we found that piracetam, a cyclic...
This section of the journal is designed to provide readers with reviews of recent literature, and to stimulate research on questions that are important in the treatment and prevention of alcohol addiction. Research can provide insight into the causes of alcohol abuse and addiction, as well as answers to questions concerning the biomedical and psychological consequences of alcohol consumption. The...
Rats of two different ages (2 and 7 months) were treated with an ethanol-containing liquid diet for 24 days and changes of the ceramide composition of gangliosides were studied in the brain synaptosomal, microsomal and myelin fractions. Greater differences were observed in the young age, where ethanol treatment caused a significant increase of C20: 1 LCB in GM1 ganglioside of synaptosomes and microsomes...
The influence of nifedipine, verapamil, and cinnarizine on the effect of ethanol on EEG of rabbits (frontal cortex, hippocampus, MRF) was tested. Nifedipine (1.75 mg/kg, IP) and cinnarizine (7.5 mg/kg, IP) were given 30 min before ethanol administration. Verapamil (0.2 mg/kg, IV) was given 15 min before ethanol injection in a dose of 0.8 g/kg IV. Ethanol caused the increase of the frequencies 0...
The teratogenic effects of the coadministration of alcohol and cocaine on gestation days 14-17 were investigated using an acute exposure model. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were assigned randomly to treatment groups generated from a 2 (0 or 6 g/kg alcohol) 2 (0 or 60 mg/kg cocaine) 4 (day of treatment) factorial design. An untreated control group was also employed. On GD14, 15, 16, or 17, females...
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of administration of the neuropeptide and hormone angiotensin II (AII) on ethanol intake and choice. First, 18 male Wistar rats were water deprived for 23 h and given access to 5% w/v ethanol for 30 min, followed by 30 min of access to water; food was ad lib. Following adaptation to this schedule, rats were randomly assigned to receive an IP injection...
Responding maintained by orally delivered ethanol was studied in three adult male rhesus monkeys with no previous drug-taking histories. The subjects had continuous access to water throughout the study and were fed sufficient food to maintain a positive caloric balance. During daily 3-h experimental sessions, ethanol solution and water were concurrently available under fixed-ratio reinforcement...
Two of the most important biochemical hepatic pathways in the liver are those that synthesize methionine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) through the methylation of homocysteine. This article reviews some recent findings in this laboratory, which demonstrate that ethanol feeding to rats impairs one of these pathways involving the enzyme methionine synthetase (MS), but by way of compensation increases...
Alcoholic patients are often transiently hypertensive (tHT) during days 1-3 of withdrawal but become normotensive thereafter. However, at 3-4 weeks postwithdrawal these tHT patients may still show exaggerated blood pressure rises to isometric handgrip exercise. We examined the hemodynamic mechanisms associated with persistent altered pressure response. Forty-two alcoholic inpatients were equally...
Previously, we have documented an ethanol (E)-induced oxidative stress (OS) in cultured fetal rat hepatocytes (FRH). The cause of this is uncertain, but an inhibition of key antioxidant enzymes could be a/the factor. OS was also observed in fetal liver (FL) during in utero E exposure, but not in maternal liver, a difference that might be related to selectively lower enzymatic defenses in the fetus...
The present investigation examined auditory evoked potential (AEP) recovery functions in both high-risk (HR, N = 23, mean = 22.3) and low-risk (LR, N = 27, mean = 23.0) males. A series of binaural auditory stimuli, with randomly interposed interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 0.5, 1.0, and 10.0 s, were used to elicit the N1 and P2 components of the AEP. Scalp potentials were recorded from the 19 electrodes...
The effect of bromocriptine (stimulant of dopaminergic D 2 receptors) on the daily consumption of 10% v/v ethanol solution, distilled water, and solid food, under free-choice conditions, was measured in nine genetically low (UChA) and six high ethanol consumer (UChB) adult female rats. Animals were housed in individual cages and maintained at room temperature of 23 ± 1°C and with 1212 h dark/light...
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