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Extensive literature has linked behavior control problems in childhood to risk for alcoholism, but impulsivity in alcohol-dependent adults has not been well characterized. Using a variety of laboratory measures of impulsivity, we assessed whether detoxified alcohol-dependent patients [(ADP); n=130] were more impulsive than control subjects [(CS); n=41]. In comparison with CS, ADP demonstrated (1)...
Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), specifically receptors 4, 6, 7, and 8 (i.e., mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8), play an important role in the generation of locomotion as well as in the behavioral effects of some psychostimulants. Because the arousing or stimulant effects of ethanol seem to be relevant behavioral traits associated with its rewarding properties and genetic susceptibility...
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol on the proliferative activity of epithelial cells in the lingual mucosa of mice by means of silver-staining nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) count and area measurements. Forty-eight CF1 mice were separated into three groups. The test groups were submitted to topical exposure to, or intake of, 40% (volume/volume) ethyl alcohol...
The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of operant self-administration of (1) 10% sucrose and (2) a first-time solution of 10% sucrose with 5% or 10% ethanol, on dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens. We used an operant procedure that distinguished lever pressing (an appetitive behavior) from drinking to better assess the effect of fluid consumption on accumbal dopamine...
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition occurring in some children of mothers who have consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Many of these affected children show retarded physical growth in the postnatal period despite adequate nutrition. On the basis of findings from studies with animals, it has been proposed that this is due to allometric retardation of growth of skeletal muscle, although the exact reasons...
We analyzed the effect of chronic (4 weeks) ethanol feeding on 24-h variation of pituitary–testicular function in peripubertal male Wistar rats by measuring circulating concentrations of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and thyrotropin. Animals were maintained under a 12-h light:12-h dark photoperiod and received a liquid diet for 4 weeks, starting on day...
Chronic alcoholism, which is associated with hepatic, pancreatic, and myocardial diseases, is one of the major health problems in the United States with high morbidity and mortality. Many individuals who abuse alcohol chronically die even before reaching the clinical stage of the disease. Reliable biomarkers of the diseases induced by chronic alcohol abuse, as well as for alcoholism, currently are...
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [(MDMA) or ecstasy] is a popular club drug often used in combination with ethanol. In the current study, we investigated the effects of MDMA and ethanol combinations on locomotor activity and body temperature of rats. For four consecutive days, male Long–Evans rats were treated daily with a 10-mg/kg dose of MDMA with or without a 1.5-g/kg dose of ethanol. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine...
Findings of earlier studies support the idea of a possible relation between dietary fat and ethanol intake, but it is unclear whether acute exposure to fat can increase ethanol consumption directly. In the current series of experiments, we examined whether daily overeating of fat, a single high-fat meal, or the injection of fat can increase ethanol intake. In Experiment 1, adult Sprague–Dawley rats...
Intravenous infusion of fructose has been shown to enhance reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reoxidation and, thereby, to enhance the metabolism of ethanol. In the current study, the effect of fructose infusion on first-pass metabolism of ethanol was studied in human volunteers. A significantly higher first-pass metabolism of ethanol was obtained after administration of fructose in...
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ion channels activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate and are important mediators of neuronal signal transduction. Ethanol inhibits ion flux through NMDA receptors at concentrations that are associated with behavioral signs of intoxication. The overall sensitivity of NMDA receptors to ethanol is influenced by factors, including subunit composition and interactions...
Ethanol intake impairs immune function and increases the incidence of infection in the host. Although the precise cellular target of this immunotoxic action is still unknown, findings of several studies have shown that ethanol acts on the immune response predominantly by interfering with the ability of blood monocyte–derived macrophages to produce cytokines and growth factors. Nerve growth factor...
Findings obtained from several studies indicate that ethanol enhances the activity of α 4 β 2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and support the possibility that a polymorphism of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α 4 subunit gene (CHRNA4) modulates enhancement of nicotinic receptor function by ethanol. To identify the association between the CfoI polymorphism of...
C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) inbred mice show pronounced differences in ethanol-induced behaviors, such as loss of righting reflex and locomotor activation, among others. They also differ in measures of conditioned place preference and oral self-administration of ethanol. In the current study, I examined whether B6 and D2 mice differed in their expression of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor–mediated...
Voluntary oral self-administration of ethanol in rats has been used to model ethanol consumption and abuse in human beings, with contradictory results. The purpose of the current study was to assess the effect of voluntary ethanol consumption on acquisition of a lever press escape/avoidance task in rats. Male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol in a limited-access procedure, and either 1 day or 10...
Many of the neurotoxic and neurobehavioral consequences of neonatal ethanol exposure in the rat have been characterized. However, in few studies has adult neurophysiologic function been assessed in rats exposed to ethanol during this key developmental period. In the current study, the effects of neonatal ethanol exposure on adult electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and auditory event-related potentials...
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