It was known that isocurvature perturbation of a nearly massless cosmological axion field can lead to rotation of E -mode polarization into B -mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by the presence of a parity violating coupling of the field to the topological density of electromagnetism, resulting in a phenomenon known as anisotropic cosmic birefringence. In this Letter, we propose a new source of anisotropic cosmic birefringence induced by dark matter adiabatic density perturbation. If dark matter is ultralight axions that carry a coupling to photon, its adiabatic density fluctuations will induce anisotropic cosmic birefringence with a blue-tilted rotation power spectrum, thus generating CMB B -mode polarization on sub-degree angular scales. Using current POLARBEAR and SPTPol B -mode polarization data, we derive a constraint on the axion–photon coupling strength ( β ) and the axion mass ( m ), β 2 ( 1 0 − 22 eV ∕ m ) 2 < 8 × 1 0 15 . It is shown that the birefringence B modes can dominate over CMB lensing B modes at high l , manifesting as an excess power for l > 1500 in future CMB lensing B -mode searches. In addition, we derive the lensing–rotation cross correlation that can be a potential test to the present model.