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Twitya Spring discharges warm (24 °C), anoxic, sulphide-, calcium- (65 ppm) and barium- (≥0.78 ppm) rich spring water to a steep flow path that is inhabited by streamer and mat-forming microbes (Thiothrix, Beggiatoa, Oscillatoria, Spirulina, diatoms, rod shaped bacteria). Oxidation and CO 2 degassing drive precipitation of elemental sulphur, barite, opaline silica, and calcite. A mound of...
The Big Tarkhan cold spring is located within the Bulganak zone of mud volcanism in the northern Kerch Peninsula (Crimea). The spring waters mainly have Cl–HCO3–Na–Ca chemistry and temperatures from 18 to 23°C. Active travertine deposition at the site produces abundant calcite and minor amounts of siderite, halite, tincalconite, trona, gaylussite, northupite and amorphous iron hydroxides. Calcite...
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