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Seawater desalination provides water for many uses including irrigation. A concern is to remove boron in seawater whose concentration can reach 10ppm. Boron is required for plants but becomes toxic between 0.5 and 10ppm for many crops. Since boron in seawater appears as boric acid, the boron rejection of RO membranes is ≤90%. Hence, conventional RO requires a two-pass process to reduce the boron adequately...
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