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Vertebrate bones, including deer antler, often exhibit variation in their mechanical properties that corresponds to differences in the functional demands they encounter. Among deer, antlers are found in both males and females only in caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Several differences between male and female R. tarandus in behavior and physiology might subject their antlers to differing demands, potentially...
Animals commonly move over a range of speeds, and encounter considerable variation in habitat structure, such as inclines. Hindlimb kinematics and muscle function in diverse groups of vertebrates are affected by these changes in behavior and habitat structure, providing a fruitful source of variation for studying the integration of kinematics and muscle function. While it has been observed in a variety...
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