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The Dermaptera are traditionally classified in three taxa: the free living Forficulina and two viviparous (matrotrophic) groups, the Hemimerina and Arixeniina. Recent molecular and histological analyses suggest that both matrotrophic groups should be nested among the most derived taxon of the Forficulina, the Eudermaptera. We present results of ultrastructural analyses of ovary/ovariole morphology...
Females of the feather-legged spider Uloborus plumipes invade, and compete for, each other's orb webs. In the context of these competitive interactions the question arose how the spiders communicate. Since substrate-borne vibrations are the most important component of the sensory environment of web-building spiders, we investigated vibratory movements that might serve as signals of communication....
The outcomes of host–symbiont interactions may differ according to environmental context, and symbioses may enable host adaptation to diverse environments. We find that the effects of two different experimental diets, algae and yeast, on the water flea Daphnia magna depend on whether the animals possess microbiota, suggesting that the presence of microbiota determines which diet is superior. Our study...
Multimodal communication involves the use of signals and cues across two or more sensory modalities. The genus Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) offers a great potential for studies on the ecology and evolution of multimodal communication, including visual and chemical signals. In this study, we analyzed the response of male and female Liolaemus pacha to chemical, visual and combined (multimodal) stimuli...
The rise in hematocrit (Hct) is one of the hallmarks of human acclimatization to high altitude and, in chronic conditions, reflects the hypoxia-induced polycythemia. However, it is not a uniform response among domestic species and it is not found in Andean camelids, species long adapted to high altitudes. Hence, we asked to what extent the polycythemia of humans is common among mammals. Hct data were...
Mudskippers are amphibious fishes living in mudflats and mangroves. These fishes hold air in their large buccopharyngeal-opercular cavities where respiratory gas exchange takes place via the gills and higher vascularized epithelium lining the cavities and also the skin epidermis. Although aerial ventilation response to changes in ambient gas concentration has been studied in mudskippers, the localization...
The skull shape variation in domestic dogs exceeds that of grey wolves by far. The artificial selection of dogs has even led to breeds with mismatching upper and lower jaws and maloccluded teeth. For that reason, it has been advocated that their skulls (including the teeth) can be divided into more or less independent modules on the basis of genetics, development or function. In this study, we investigated...
The subterranean genus Ctenomys (∼60 species, ∼100–1000g) constructs its burrows by using both forefeet and teeth throughout a wide range of habitats in South America. They show a high variation in the incisors’ angle of attack (procumbency) and a mostly conserved skull morphology, not only amongst their congeners, but within the caviomorph rodents. Traditionally, procumbency has been largely related...
During aquatic feeding salamanders use the hyobranchial apparatus to capture prey. The hyobranchial apparatus depresses the floor of the mouth, effectively expanding the oropharyngeal cavity and generating suction. Within the family Salamandridae, there is a wide range of ecological diversity, with salamanders being terrestrial, semi-aquatic, or aquatic as adults. The purpose of this research was...
The corona ciliata of Chaetognatha (arrow worms) is a circular or elliptical groove lined by a rim from which multiple lines of cilia emanate, located dorsally on the head and/or trunk. Mechanoreception, chemosensation, excretion, respiration, and support of reproduction have been suggested to be its main functions. Here we provide the first experimental evidence that the cilia produce significant...
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