The phytochemistry of Rosa rugosa is reviewed. The structures of the secondary metabolites identified are listed and aspects of their chemistry are discussed. The metabolites are grouped according to structural classes and include hydrolysable tannins (contained in the leaves and petals), catechin derivatives (roots), flavonoids (leaves), 2-phenoxychromones (leaves), monoterpenes (floral parts, leaves), sesquiterpenes (leaves, especially from glandular trichomes) and triterpenes (leaves and roots). The physiological significance of these metabolites is considered from the perspective of assessing their contribution to the survival and adaptability of the species.