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Constructed wetlands with free water surface (FWS CWs) have been used for many purposes worldwide. Emergent macrophytes play important roles in FWS CWs; they reduce wind speed and thus support sedimentation and prevent re-suspension, provide substrate for periphyton and bacteria, take up nutrients and in carbon-limited systems provide carbon for denitrification during biomass decomposition. It has...
Wetland macrophytes play many important indirect roles in constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow (HF CWs) including insulation of the bed surface during winter, provision of substrate for attached bacteria in the rhizosphere or oxygen leakage into anoxic rhizosphere. In the Czech Republic, HF CWs are mostly planted with Phragmites australis (Common reed) or Phalaris arundinacea (Reed...
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