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Alteration of land use will continue to be the dominant driver of environmental change in the tropics for the next several decades. It can take the form of fundamental vegetation cover transformation, or of intensification of existing land use without substantial change in cover type. Atmospheric composition changes and resultant climate changes could become ecologically significant within the next...
Conversion of natural forests to agriculture in the humid tropics leads to a reduction in ecosystem carbon storage due to the immediate removal of aboveground biomass and a gradual subsequent reduction in soil organic carbon. A considerable part of soil carbon is protected from microbial attack by a range of physical and chemical mechanisms and is not sensitive to landuse change. We analyzed the soils...
It is argued in this paper that two fundamental economic processes prevent resource-poor farmers in tropical countries from managing soil carbon in a sustainable manner. The first process is related to the fact that soil carbon and tropical forests are part of the natural capital of these countries and of the world community. As a consequence, the interests of resource-poor farmers in tropical countries,...
The amount and quality of inputs into soil organic matter will be altered by both climate and landuse change. The increase in growth of plants caused by increasing CO 2 concentration implies not only potential increases in yields but also increases in plant residues. Simulation models using doubled CO 2 levels predict global net primary productivity (NPP) to increase by 16.3%, over...
Chemical fractionation and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) were used to characterize the forms of phosphorus and their changes within a toposequence of alpine soils at the Mt. Malaya Khatipara (Teberda reserve, northwestern Caucasus). Sodium hydroxide extracted 66-82% of total phosphorus from A horizons and 28-51% from B horizons...
Despite numerous studies, the relationship between slope angle and infiltration rate remains unclear. Under different experimental conditions, new processes may be introduced which influence the relationship. The presence of rills, for example, may significantly affect the relationship between slope angle and infiltration rate, so distinct relationships may exist for rill and interrill areas. The...
In semi-arid tropical Australia, basaltic lava flows with ages of 0.01, 0.89, 2.46, 2.64, 3.4 and 5.59 Ma show a trend of progressive soil thickness increase of ca. 0.30 m/Ma. This rate is 10 to 1000 times slower than most soils on unconsolidated parent materials such as alluvium, dune sand and glacial deposits. Reverse polarity magnetisation of pedogenic hematite in the lower B horizons of soils...
Gypsum accumulation is one of the prominent pedogenic processes occurring in many arid regions of the world. Gypsiferous soils occur in large areas of the Iranian central plateau. The origin of gypsum in the Aridisols of central Iran and its distribution in different landscapes were studied using sulfur and oxygen isotopic composition of both solid and dissolved sulfates. The results strongly support...
Soils were collected from different depths (0-2.5 cm, 2.5-5 cm and 20-40 cm) one month, two years, and four years after clearfelling of a mature, mixed species, coastal Eucalyptus forest in East Gippsland, Australia. Soil carbon, effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), amount of salt-extractable cations, and the chemical composition of equilibrium soil solutions from a number of sequential batch...
Momentum dissipation due to viscosity during flow in soils is assessed with TDR-measurements during and shortly after infiltration. One field example demonstrates that about 30% of the momentum applied to the soil surface during infiltration is used to drive flow along presumed macropores to the 0.3-m depth, that 90% of the momentum arriving at this depth is used to drive water further, and only...
An investigation on the influence of the well preparation technique on field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, K fs , measured with the Guelph Permeameter (GP) method was performed in a sandy loam soil. In particular, the influence of adopting the following procedures to prepare the well was investigated: use of a wire screen insert to prevent sinking of the water outlet tip of the GP...
The variation of fourteen soil chemical and physical properties of twenty soil samples from Andosols was decomposed into the contributions of seven soil constituents or end-members. The samples were from the slopes of the andesitic Turrialba volcano in Costa Rica. Factor analysis of the data explained 98% of the variance by six (orthogonal) factors. We replaced the factors by seven (non-orthogonal)...
Classical sampling theory has been repeatedly identified with classical statistics which assumes that data are identically and independently distributed. This explains the switch of many soil scientists from design-based sampling strategies, based on classical sampling theory, to the model-based approach, which is based on geostatistics. However, in design-based sampling, independence has a different...
The thickness and physical properties of colluvium and saprolite were investigated to clarify their role in the hydrological processes in a forested basin. We measured their thickness using a handy dynamic cone penetrometer, and surveyed soil profiles to obtain undisturbed cylindrical samples for measuring physical properties, i.e., effective porosity. Saprolite is divided into strongly weathered...
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