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Soil chronosequences were examined on flights of tectonically uplifted marine terraces near Cape Blanco and Cape Arago, southwestern Oregon. All of the soils contain abundant organic C and are strongly acidic (pH in H 2 O < 4.7) with < 10% base saturation and > 30% of the exchange sites saturated with Al. The soils in the two areas show a progression in development from Spodosols...
Evolution of Alfisols in Punjab in genetically isolated pockets on concave landforms is a unique phenomenon. Our objective was to investigate the properties and genesis of these Alfisols. These soils are developed on alluvial parent materials of Pleistocene to Holocene age and are found alongside Inceptisols. These soils are largely a product of microtopographic differences which modify distribution...
Mass-balance analysis was used to quantify elemental losses, gains and transformations for a soil chronosequence developed on elevated marine terraces in south-coastal Oregon. The four soils analyzed in the study range in age from 80 ka to greater than 250 ka and are Inceptisols, Spodosols and Ultisols. Dominant soil-forming processes include (1) desilication and loss of base cations from the solum,...
Weathering and neoformation of allophane, imogolite and halloysite in volcanic ash soils have been studied extensively in humid climates but little data are available on these soils in arid and semi-arid conditions. Weathering and soil formation under semi-arid conditions on acid pyroclastics have been investigated in two profiles, both at the micro-site scale and on bulk samples. XR microdiffractions...
In Doralen, the north-eastern part of Rondane mountains, South Norway, strongly podzolised soils can be found from treeline up to the high-alpine belt, although organic matter production is low and the climatic conditions are rather unfavourable for associated chemical processes. At treeline, some soils have eluvial horizons more than 12-m thick. In the high-alpine belt, even small amounts of organic...
Recent antarctic soil studies suggest that in terrestrial ecosystems of coastal regions soil formation and chemical weathering occur to a greater extent than predicted by former models. This paper summarizes pedogenic findings from the Casey area on the coast of East Antarctica and presents a proposal of soil formation sequences on a large-scale data base. Soil organic matter accumulation and podzolization...
Two chronosequences of soils developed from postglacial tills, at two different sites in the Swiss Alps, were studied with respect to their soil mineralogy and chemistry. The age of these soils ranged between 0 and 11,500 years. The parent material for both chronosequences was similar, but differences were found in the clay fraction. Within the considered time span, podzols developed at both sites,...
The ''Terra Preta de Indio'' (Indian black earth) or Terra Preta of Western Amazonia is a thick, dark-coloured, anthropic epipedon, usually rich in nutrients. It occurs mostly at the fringes of the Terra Firme, along the Amazon river banks, overlying deep strongly weathered soils. We studied selected chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of seven soils, ranging from the Tertiary Plateau...
The accumulation of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and their vertical distribution in the soil profile in relation to site age were studied in a chronosequence of 19 sites on reclaimed spoil heaps from open-cast coal mining, near Sokolov (Czech Republic) and compared to a semi-natural alder forest in the vicinity of the mining area. The reclaimed sites were located on tertiary clay or...
One of the most important preconditions of ecosystem rehabilitation in post mining landscapes is the process of soil development. In this context, the microbial activity in soil plays an important role.Carbon and phosphorus in microbial biomass and microbial activity (basal respiration, metabolic quotient) were studied in several chronosequences of reclaimed post mining sites near Sokolov (Czech Republic)...
Changes in the normative mineralogy and chemical weathering rates (elemental loss) of Ca and Mg from the uppermost mineral soil horizon were determined at five forested sites in the boreal zone forming a chronosequence. The sites were all located on the same glaciofluvial (esker) deposit (well-sorted sand) over a distance of 27 km in the coastal region of the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland and had estimated...
In geologically stable areas in the tropics, climatic changes and geomorphic cycles give origin to polygenetic soils. Polygenesis involves new soil formation phases taking place on preweathered materials from previous phases, resulting in soils with rather similar chemical and mineralogical properties. Polygenetic soils from Minas Gerais, Brazil, were investigated with the purpose of distinguishing...
In 1877, G.K. Gilbert reasoned that the rate at which bedrock is converted to soil reaches a maximum under an optimal soil depth that facilitates contact between bedrock and water such that freeze–thaw and chemical weathering are maximised. In doing so, he outlined the functional dependence of soil production (bedrock weathering) on local soil depth. However, the concept of a soil production function...
The sustainable use of the soil resource requires extensive knowledge about its genesis, morphology, and properties. Consequently, soil data are basis for improved land use management and soil conservation. The present study illustrates morphology and physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the soils developed in the pediplain of Central Benin. The pediments are characterized by different...
A weathering sequence with soils developing on volcanic, trachy-basaltic parent materials with ages ranging from 100–115,000 years in the Etna region served as the basis to analyse and calculate the accumulation and stabilisation mechanisms of soil organic matter (SOM), the transformation of pedogenic Fe and Al, the formation and transformation of clay minerals, the weathering indices and, by means...
The first mention of Antarctic soils dates back to 1916, when Jensen reported on analyses of samples collected in the McMurdo area during the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–1909. With the advent of the International Geophysical Year in 1958, and the establishment on the continent of permanent bases by many nations, an era dedicated to scientific investigations was inaugurated. New Zealand and...
Pedogenesis models should give us answers to: how does soil form, how does it evolve, where does it come from and how long does it take to reach this state? This paper reviews quantitative models that describe pedogenesis ab initio and the processes that directly lead to development or evolution of soil. We review factorial, energy, and mass-balance models. An early conceptual model comes from James...
We present a mathematical model that integrates geochemical and geomorphic processes responsible for soils' elemental and mineralogical evolution on diverse landforms: eroding to depositional to level grounds. This new model combines a hillslope sediment mass balance and a soil geochemical mass balance. We model soils as the sum of a physically disturbed zone (PDZ) and the underlying physically undisturbed...
Application of irrigation water, especially through flood or furrow methods can have profound impacts on soil morphological, chemical, and physical properties. Using a variety of field and laboratory techniques, we examined the impact of both acidic and alkaline irrigation water on a host of soil properties in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. Impacts on calcium carbonate, clay content, and...
The role of tree uprooting in soil formation was evaluated using an analysis of scientific articles published from 1940 to 2009. The potential for generalizing these published results across a range of regions, forest and soil types was assessed. We focused on the following topics: ecological conditions within pit–mound microsites; the area of pit–mounds in different landscapes; the age of pit–mounds;...
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