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Grain sizes of eight profiles from a soil catena (640-3160 m) on andesitic ash in perhumid atlantic Costa Rica were investigated by laser diffraction grain-sizing. The samples were (1) shaken with water, (2) treated with peroxide, and (3) treated with peroxide-oxalate. Allophane is absent above 2000 m; it appears around 2000 m and increases downwards. Peroxide treatment and oxalate extraction indicate...
Soil development along an elevational transect on the western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada was investigated to assess the effects of climate on soil properties and processes. The transect of seven soils formed in granitic residuum spans elevations from 198 to 2865 m with mean annual temperature and precipitation differences of 13°C (3.9-16.7) and 94 cm (33-127), respectively. Soil pH decreased...
A short general review of all aspects of the NMR technique, in both the spectroscopic and imaging modes, as applied to the study of soil, is presented from a mainly technical point of view. Illustrations, in the form of spectra and images, are reproduced for whole soils, solids, solid fractions, and liquid extracts from material in the authors' group. Nuclides covered are 1 H, 13...
The stable C isotope composition of organic matter and opal phytoliths in diverse ecosystems demonstrate that soils carry a C isotopic signature that reflects long-term inputs of above- and below-ground C 3 or C 4 biomass. The utility of these isotopic characterization data for paleoenvironmental study is based on a knowledge of dominant soil forming processes as well as geomorphic...
Transmission Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was used to compare organic soil layers originating from three different sites in two climatic regions. A variety of bands characteristic of molecular structures and functional groups have been identified for these samples from a humic podsol, a dystric cambisol and a spodo dystric cambisol. Similar results were obtained for all three soils...
In the post-mining landscapes of Lusatia, forest soils develop from extremely acid, lignite-rich open cast mine spoils. The sites have been ameliorated with ash from lignite-fired power stations prior to afforestation. During stand development, incorporation of plant-derived organic matter leads to an intimate mixture with the substrate-derived lignite in the first centimetres of the soil (Ai horizon)...
In a primary vegetation sequence on wind blown sands in the Netherlands, podzolization becomes evident under pine forest with various undergrowth and is more expressed under the subsequent beech forest. Recognizable podzol-B horizons appear together with H (humified O) horizons. In order to investigate whether the vegetation influences H horizon composition and the water-soluble fraction of this horizon,...
The influence of size distribution on the translocation of organic carbon, Fe, Al, Mn and Si in soil waters, has been studied in Scandinavian podzol profiles from three different locations. Soil solutions from different horizons have been filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane filter prior to further size fractionation by ultramembrane techniques. Organic carbon, Fe, Al, Mn and Si were determined in:...
The main objective of this paper is to assess the spatial variability of some soil properties following two contrasting soil uses in Galicia, northwest Spain. Adjacent plots, one with natural vegetation and the other cultivated, were marked on regular square grids with 2-m spacing. Soil samples were collected from each sampling point at an acid, rich in organic matter, umbric horizon and analyzed...
After open-cast mining operations in the eastern states of Germany, extremely acid overburden material with a high lignite content (up to 50 g OC/kg soil) is relocated and deposited at a spoil bank. For rehabilitation, these substrates are amended with alkaline ash from lignite-fired power stations and reforested with coniferous or broad-leaved trees. The aim of this study was to identify the allocation...
The mineralogical, chemical and surface charge properties of Geric Ferralsols of New Caledonia were examined. These soils, which corresponded to two soil mantles formed either on ultramafic rocks or volcanic ejecta and ashes, were respectively dominated by iron and aluminium oxides. The electric charge characteristics were studied by measuring retention of Ca 2+ and Cl - at different...
Data on soil chemistry and especially on clay mineral changes are presented, which were obtained from a soil monitoring site in a forested ecosystem near Mohlin (north-western part of Switzerland) in a time span of 24 years (1969-1993). The development in soil chemistry and clay mineralogy with respect to time was compared in two soil horizons at depths of 0-5 cm and 30-35 cm. A striking feature of...
In order to describe the humus forms present in different ecosystems of the Atlantic Forest (Brazil), a morpho-functional criterium was adopted. Samples were collected from eight sites: three sites in the Tabuleiro Forest, four sites in the Restinga, and one site in Tijuca Forest. Soil samples were sorted in L, F, and H horizon and the A horizon. A horizon was analysed for pH, total C and N, available...
In alpine environments, natural or man-induced disturbances are fairly common and acknowledged as determining factors in pedogenesis and soil distribution. We have selected a representative alpine valley in the Italian Northwestern Alps to evaluate the effects of perturbations of different intensity and frequency on soil development and weathering during the last few centuries. In order of decreasing...
During the last decade, research in sedimentary systems led to the paradigm of sorptive stabilization of organic matter (OM). Studies on soils also show that sorptive interactions between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and mineral phases contribute to the preservation of soil OM. In the first part of the paper, we summarize evidence for sorptive stabilization of OM in forest soils including (a) pronounced...
Soil organic matter contents (SOM) of soils of the Semiarid Pampas of Argentina (SAP), mostly Entic Haplustolls, increase with the amount of silt+clay, but it is still not known how soil texture affects its qualitative composition in interaction with climatic and management conditions. Because of that the organic matter content of the following aggregate size fractions were determined: <2000 μm...
The importance of soil organic matter functions is well known, but structural information, chemical composition and changes induced by anthropogenic factors such as tillage practices are still being researched. In the present paper were characterized Brazilian humic acids (HAs) from an Oxisol under different treatments: conventional tillage/maize-bare fallow (CT1); conventional tillage/maize rotation...
The preferential retention of heavy metals by soils is critical to their availability and mobility through the soils to contaminate groundwater. We examined the competitive adsorption of Cu and Zn by Bt horizon of a Savanna Alfisol from a dilute salt solution under a variety of conditions. Copper and Zinc adsorption from the Cu-Zn binary solution produced a characteristic H-type isotherm for Cu, and...
A soil physical parameter, S, is defined. It is equal to the slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflection point. This curve must be plotted as the logarithm (to base e) of the water potential against the gravimetric water content (kg kg -1 ). The value of S is indicative of the extent to which the soil porosity is concentrated into a narrow range of pore sizes. In most soils,...
A soil incubation experiment lasting 6 months was carried out to ascertain the effects of tobacco dust, mushroom compost, and grape marc, which contain high organic matter, on the extractable cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc in soil. The rates of organic wastes in its moist state added were 0%, 2%, 4%, and 8% of the air-dried soil on mass basis. Soil pH was decreased significantly in soils treated...
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