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An index of feldspar weathering (IFW) has been developed, based upon the assignment of individual grains to weathering classes defined in terms of progressive changes in surface morphology identifiable under a polarising microscope. The index was used to test the hypothesis that profiles of a (buried) paleosol developed on the higher terraces of the River Thames in southeastern England are more weathered...
In semi-arid tropical Australia, basaltic lava flows with ages of 0.01, 0.89, 2.46, 2.64, 3.4 and 5.59 Ma show a trend of progressive soil thickness increase of ca. 0.30 m/Ma. This rate is 10 to 1000 times slower than most soils on unconsolidated parent materials such as alluvium, dune sand and glacial deposits. Reverse polarity magnetisation of pedogenic hematite in the lower B horizons of soils...
The inorganic component of soil horizons from a chronosequence of six soils, developed in Glen Feshie, Scotland shows an increase in surface area with soil age and a decrease in surface area with increasing depth in the soil profiles. Surface area increases due to the development of discontinuous porous coatings on mineral grains, the preferential dissolution of specific areas of individual minerals...
Accumulation of soil organic matter and depletion of base cations and trace metals were measured in surface soils (i.e., O horizon and upper 15 cm of mineral soil) across a ~4150-year soil chronosequence of dune-capped beach ridges bordering northern Lake Michigan. Within 400 years of beach-ridge formation, coniferous forest develops, soil C and N accumulate to steady-state levels of ~40 and ~1.3...
We studied a chronosequence of three soils developed on andesitic lavas in humid tropical Costa Rica, in order to investigate mineralogical development and to evaluate the importance of time versus other soil forming factors. Morphological, chemical, and mineralogical methods were used to unravel evolution of the soils. Primary minerals in the <1-m deep, 2000-year-old Fulvudand show increasing...
Two chronosequences of soils developed from postglacial tills, at two different sites in the Swiss Alps, were studied with respect to their soil mineralogy and chemistry. The age of these soils ranged between 0 and 11,500 years. The parent material for both chronosequences was similar, but differences were found in the clay fraction. Within the considered time span, podzols developed at both sites,...
The formation rate of smectitic components in alpine soils is derived from two chronosequences in the Swiss Alps covering a time span of 11500 years. The soils developed on granitic parent material. The lithologies between the two chronosequences (investigation areas), however, showed some distinct differences with respect to the main mineralogy and, to a lower extent, to the chemistry. The chronofunctions...
Podzolization occurs quickly in acidic parent materials with addition of acidic litter from coniferous trees. This study was conducted to evaluate Podzol formation and estimate lengths of time required to meet morphological and chemical criteria of podzolic B horizon and spodic horizon in Finland. Soil color, organic C, ODOE, and extractable Al and Fe were measured in a seven-pedon chronosequence...
In this study, we quantified the contribution of mineral tunneling by fungi to weathering of feldspars and ecosystem influx of K and Ca. We studied the surface soils of 11 podzols across a Lake Michigan sand dune chronosequence with soil ages between 450 and 5000 years. Weathering by tunneling was quantified in thin sections by image analysis. Total mineral weathering was quantified by comparing the...
Models are simplified representations of a system, in this study the dynamic behaviour of soil properties in shifting cultivation systems in southern Cameroon. Soils were sampled synchronically from plots representing a chronosequence (from 0 to more than 30 years) of these land-use systems and also diachronically from the same plots over 7 years. The five soil properties (pH water, exchangeable calcium,...
Blue light optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates obtained from upland and terrace soil profiles in southeastern Mississippi have been used to generate a model for illuvial clay accumulation in deeply weathered, subtropical soils (e.g. Ultisols). The illuvial clays developed in upland vs. alluvial terrace soils of southeastern Mississippi are distinct in terms of thickness and total volume...
Soil fertility depletion in smallholder agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa presents a formidable challenge both for food production and environmental sustainability. A critical constraint to managing soils in sub-Saharan Africa is poor targeting of soil management interventions. This is partly due to lack of diagnostic tools for screening soil condition that would lead to a robust and repeatable...
Soil phosphorus distribution and cycling in the McMurdo Dry Valleys is poorly understood despite its importance for contemporary Antarctic ecosystem processes. We present data from sequential chemical extractions of phosphorus pools from dry valley soils and sediments on tills across a gradient of surface exposure ages, and across potential weathering gradients in stream channels. The geologically...
Relatively few soil chronosequences with good age control exist for Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in the Mediterranean region of Europe, yet surface soils and their young buried counterparts can provide meaningful information about the timing and processes of landscape response to external forcing such as climate or anthropogenic change. Here we present the results of a study that examines...
Soil parameters change continuously over time and the duration of pedogenesis may significantly affect a soils' sorption capacity for nutrients and contaminants. In former studies, we showed that progressing pedogenic development had increased the retention capacities for Cu and Cd in young alluvial soils at the Danube River (Austria). The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of pedogenesis...
We analysed the composition of phyllosilicate minerals in sediments deposited by the Rhône and Oberaar glaciers (Swiss Alps), in order to identify processes and rates of biogeochemical weathering in relation to glacial erosion. The investigated sediments are part of chronosequences consisting of (A) suspended, ”fresh” sediment in melt water; (B) terminal moraines from the Little Ice Age (LIA; approximately...
The focus of this chronosequential study was on the vegetation succession, profile morphology, nutrient dynamics, and carbon stocks of post-agrogenic sandy soils under self-restoration of the southern Taiga zone in the European part of Russia. The sites investigated were comparable in climate, texture, and land-use history, but differed in the duration of agricultural abandonment, covering 3, 20,...
Highly-weathered clay mineralogical suites of Southeastern (U.S.) soils, which are exemplified in portions of upland, well-drained environments of the Piedmont and Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, consist of kaolinite, hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite, gibbsite, iron oxides, and to a lesser extent, quartz, halloysite and mica. The development of these mineral assemblages is often coincident with Ultisol...
California's diverse environmental gradients serve as natural experiments for examining controls on soil mineral distribution in landscapes. In this paper we use example soilscapes from throughout California to examine how lithology, climate, topography, and duration of pedogenesis interact to produce distinctive weathering environments and characteristic suites of soil minerals. Seven soil-geomorphic...
This chronosequential study focuses on the vegetation succession, pedogenesis, carbon stocks, and functionally different carbon pools of post-agrogenic chernozems under self-restoration in the forest steppe zone of the European part of Russia. The sites investigated were comparable in terms of climate, soil texture, and land-use history, but differed in their duration of agricultural abandonment,...
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