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Wind tunnel experiments show that while surfaces inoculated with photoautotrophic organisms are stable in winds up to 19 m s -1 , only filamentous cyanobacteria, especially Nostoc commune, afford considerable protection against abrasion from windborne particles. Crusts formed by the polysaccharide secreting alga Chlamydomonas acidophila break down easily under impact, the entrainment...
This study is a comparison of the strength, stability and resistance to abrasion of monospecific sand crusts formed by three species of free-living fungi: Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichoderma harzianum, and Absidia corymbifera. Compared to three photoautotrophs examined in a previous study, the fungal crusts were thicker and stronger in flexure by a factor of two or more. In addition to the morphological...
Aeolian dynamics were measured during a wind erosion event on an agricultural field in Northern Germany. Because the topsoil was loamy sand, particle flow behaved as a sand-dust mixture and not as pure sand (>63 μm) or pure dust (<63 μm). Although generally similar, the erosion, transportation and deposition patterns were not identical for the two particle fractions. The difference was most...
Within the European Union (EU)-funded Project 'Wind Erosion on European Light Soils' (WEELS), a model was designed and implemented with the aim of predicting the long-term spatial distribution of wind erosion risks in terms of erosion hours and wind-induced soil loss. In order to ensure wide applicability, the model structure consists of a modular combination of different approaches and algorithms,...
Peat is a common land surface material in many countries of the world and is particularly important in upland regions of the UK. Peat landscapes represent an important land use for hill farming, water management, and shooting, and are a globally scarce resource. Wind is a fundamental characteristic of upland environments in the UK and has long been recognised as a significant factor in peat erosion...
The area effected by wind erosion in England is estimated to be small, but the magnitude of the problem within this area is unknown. Direct measurement of the process is difficult because of very high spatial and temporal variability, selectivity and its slow, insidious nature. The artificial radionuclide caesium-137 ( 137 Cs), offers an alternative method. It was used here to estimate...
Wind erosion is not as significant or a widespread problem in Europe as in dryer parts of the world, but it can cause major damage in small areas. The hazard is greatest in the lowlands of northwestern Europe with more than 3 million ha at high-potential wind erosion risk. Crop damage and off-site damage have prompted farmers and policymakers to pay more attention to wind erosion control. A great...
This paper addresses variations in the wind climate in relation to changes in the impact of wind erosion on agricultural lands with Scania, the southernmost province of Sweden, as an example. The literature concerning wind erosion in the region is reviewed and the conclusions are linked to recent analyses of the regional wind climate. Presently, wind erosion occasionally induces problems in light...
This paper presents a model to integrate windbreak shelter effects into a Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS procedure incorporates the 1999 version windbreak sub-model of the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS). Windbreak shelter is modeled in terms of friction velocity reduction, which is a function of wind speed and direction, distance from the barrier, windbreak height, porosity, width,...
Under rainfall, a crust forms at the surface of most soils. For soils rich enough in clay (clay content >5%), it is well known that a physical crust is responsible for a supply limitation of particles available for wind erosion. Sandy soils are very prone to crusting as well as to wind erosion. Indeed, structural 'sieving' crusts develop on sandy soils even after light rainfalls. This kind of crust...
In the Sahelian zone of West-Africa, erosion by both wind and water causes a serious decline in fertility of the already low fertile soils. Despite the fact that the flow of nutrients has been intensively investigated by the use of nutrient balances, little attention has been paid to the contribution of the soil erosion to the nutrient balance.Two physically based models (WEPS and EUROSEM, both written...
Rain-fed agriculture is widespread in Inner Mongolia, northern China, where wind erosion of farmland is very common because of sandy soil and dry, windy weather. However, very little is known about the effects of wind erosion on soil physical and chemical properties in this region. A field experiment was conducted in sandy farmland, where erosional and depositional gradients were established to evaluate...
There is increased awareness of the environmental impacts of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses through wind erosion, especially in areas heavily affected by dust storm erosion. This paper reviews the recent literature concerning dust storm-related soil erosion and its impact on soil C and N losses in northern China. The purpose of our study is to provide an overview of the area of erosion-affected...
The paper presents a comparative method (SICOM) to evaluate complex site conditions at different area units as a basis for the estimate of spatial equivalence of agri-environmental measures (AEM). The methodology uses primary site condition data and provides the possibility to compare these data objectively and evaluate different ecological questions. The linking of classified data and spatial equivalence...
Wind erosion has degraded over one-half billion hectares of land worldwide. 137 Cesium ( 137 Cs) has been used as a tracer to study long-term rates of soil redistribution by water and, to a lesser extent, by wind. Early studies assumed that the decline in 137 Cs activity for a potentially eroded soil relative to that for an uneroded soil was linearly proportional to soil loss...
Desertification is one of the most serious types of land degradation. A field experiment was conducted during 2002 and 2003 in Horqin Sand Land, China to investigate changes in soil C and N contents in relation to land desertification. Four primary results were derived from this work. First, land desertification characterized by wind erosion resulted in a significant decrease in soil fine particles...
In the Sahel, with average annual precipitation in the order of 500mmyr −1 , wind erosion occurs mainly on cultivated millet fields whose surfaces are only partially covered by crop residues. The impact of these residues on wind erosion was not clearly established. The objective of this study is thus to quantify the actual amount of crop residues in traditional Sahelian fields and to determine...
Laboratory research in wind tunnels with the capability of simulating rainfall highlighted the importance of considering the complex interactions between wind and rainfall in the analysis of soil erosion processes. In order to overcome the inherent limitations of laboratory research and to further investigate these interactions under comparable conditions in the field, a Portable Wind and Rainfall...
The climate of Patagonia is semi-arid and characterised by frequent strong winds. Wind erosion is potentially a serious soil degradation process that impacts long-term sustainability of local agricultural systems, but the conditions and the rates of wind erosion in this region have not been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to quantify windblown mass transport on a sandy soil in Central...
This study examines the interplay between long-term climate changes, compounded natural disturbances and human driven land-use changes on catastrophic soil erosion of the heathland ecosystem of Haukadalsheiði, south Iceland. Soil erosion was catastrophic for three centuries (~1660–1960 AD) and was characterized by almost total loss of vegetation and underlying soil. Soil erosion resulted in a desertified,...
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