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Trenches excavated across fault scarps on a 13 ka delta surface at Brigham City, Utah, USA, document four types of soil-catena phenomena. First, the relict summit soil is eroded at the scarp crest, and its components incorporated into the accumulating colluvial wedge at the scarp base. Second, the pre-faulting soil weakens laterally as it is traced scarpward beneath the colluvial wedge from a relict...
Given the amount and variation of stones and boulders in forest soils, it is remarkable that little attention has been paid to this property in the analysis and modelling of soil processes. This study aims (a) to investigate the stoniness (relative volume of stones and boulders) of representative forest soils in central Sweden, (b) to evaluate the possibilities to predict soil stoniness with non-destructive...
The Creek Town mangrove swamp occurs at the saline/fresh water interface within the ever-wet; humid tropical zone of Southeastern Nigeria. A survey of the swamp was undertaken to map the mangrove physiographic habitats, and to obtain vegetation and environmental measurements. Due to the dynamic nature of the swamp landscape, several physiographic mangrove habitats have evolved. Habitat differences...
The characteristics of, and the sources of the soil materials for, pottery groups manufactured in three ancient settlements of early Roman (late first century BC-first century AD) Galilee were studied by micromorphological techniques. The site-specific manufacturing proveniences of the three respective pottery groups have been previously demonstrated by chemical analysis. One of the sites, Kefar Hananya,...
Soil-archaeological studies in North Caucasus indicate that the expansion of broad-leaved deciduous forests from mountains to foothills and piedmont plain took place about 3000 years ago, after the Middle Holocene steppe stage. At this time, steppe Chernozems transformed into Luvisols under forests. Often the Luvisol profiles preserve the relict humus horizon and paleokrotovinas (mole tunnels) inherited...
We describe catenas developed on calcareous moraines of Pinedale (~21-15 ka) and Bull Lake (>130-100 ka) ages at Whiskey Basin on the eastern flank of the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA. We sampled one catena of each age from each of two separate moraine fields: the Jakey's Fork and Torrey Creek valleys. Soils of the Bull Lake catena at Jakey's Fork are more developed than those of the corresponding...
The spatial structure of soil variability at the landscape scale was examined on adjacent geomorphic surfaces dating from 80 to 200 ka in eastern North Carolina. The purpose was to determine whether there is evidence at broader scales (distances of 10 2 -10 4 m) for the divergent evolution observed in the field at very detailed scales (distances of 10 0 -10 2 m). The...
The co-ordinated European research project Wind Erosion and Loss of SOil Nutrients in semiarid Spain (WELSONS) was carried out from 1996 to 1999 to understand and predict the potential impacts of land-use change and management on soil degradation by wind erosion on agricultural land in Central Aragon, a semiarid desertification-threatened region in NE Spain. This paper gives a description of the project's...
Models of two processes (saltation and sandblasting) that lead to fine dust release in arid areas have recently been combined to form a dust production model (DPM), the physical bases of which are summarized. In order to validate DPM at field scale, its predictions in terms of horizontal and vertical mass fluxes are compared to direct measurements made in natural conditions on a silt loam soil in...
Coarse-over-fine vertical texture contrasts (VTC) are common in soils and weathering profiles in a variety of environmental settings, including many where inheritance or surficial processes alone cannot account for them. A multiple causality model is presented here which shows that texture contrasts can form in response to a combination of ubiquitous phenomena. There are six key elements: downward...
A field survey of an evergreen Mediterranean woodland area in NE Spain on three silica-rich parent materials (granite, granodiorite and schist) was used to test whether parent material had a separate effect on ecosystem functioning in addition to aspect and position on the slope. As expected, vegetation was taller and denser on north-facing slopes and/or lower slope positions. However, parent material...
An experiment has been carried out in order to both measure the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of a soil crust when it is developing and to characterize its macro- and microstructural evolution. Five stages of a structural crust developing in a loamy clay soil have been identified. Mercury intrusion experiments and micromorphological descriptions have provided information on the structural evolution...
Historical land use changes may have significant impact on erosion and agricultural soil properties, including soil degradation by acidification, nutrient leaching and organic matter depletion. The Kali Basin study area, a small catchment of high landscape value located in a national park at Lake Balaton, Hungary, with its historical agricultural records, together with the available unique historical...
Soils and weathering profiles in a wide variety of parent materials and environmental settings exhibit coarse-over-fine vertical textural contrasts. Where these cannot be attributed to inherited texture contrasts or erosion–deposition, the most common explanations are based on translocation (eluviation–illuviation) which removes clays from surface layers and deposits them in the subsoil; or bioturbation,...
The physical and chemical properties of sodic gully bank soil material, deposited as in-channel sedimentary structures below a pipe system in alkaline marls, Colorado, USA, were re-analysed for their dispersive status using a new methodology. The original samples were taken from in-gully sedimentary structures with differing densities of established vegetation cover. Taking the more fully established...
Mormon Mesa, Nevada, USA is of one of Earth's rare and unique landforms. Regionally, Mormon Mesa is important because of its relationship to the lower Colorado River and its connection to stream incision. Petrocalcic horizons at Mormon Mesa developed from multiple exposure, erosion, and sedimentation events driven by variations in paleoclimate since the early Pliocene. This study utilizes pedogenic...
In soil-mantled landscapes, downslope sediment transport occurs via disturbance-driven processes that vary with climate and vegetation change. To help constrain the long-term (≫10yr) pattern and rate of soil mixing and transport in forests, we analyzed the distribution of tephra grains in soil along a hillslope transect in the Blue Mountains, SE Washington. Deposited within a loess mantle, tephra...
Soil catenas integrate and amplify gravity transfer and differentiation processes of eluviation and illuviation in soil profiles. We quantified differences in these redistribution processes along granitic catenas across an arid to sub-humid climate gradient in Kruger National Park, South Africa. We measured soil properties in nine catenas sampled from three areas receiving annual rainfall of 470mm...
Clay minerals in soils reflect successive stages of mineralogical evolution, which depend on the environmental conditions that have prevailed during pedogenesis. The objective of this research was to document the mineralogy of the clay fractions (<2μm) of three Holocene loess–paleosol sections on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) and to deduce the climatic and pedogenetic differences at the three...
The concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and V in urban topsoil samples collected from inside the Xi'an Second Ringroad, northwestern China were measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Correlation coefficient analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the data and to identify the possible sources of these heavy metals. The results show that the mean concentrations...
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