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It has previously been demonstrated that chronic low-dose solar-simulated ultraviolet (UV) radiation can induce both local and systemic immunosuppression as well as tolerance to a topically applied hapten. Epidermal cells from UV-irradiated mice inhibit spontaneous regression of tumours indicating that UV-induced immunosuppression is likely to permit the outgrowth of developing UV-induced skin tumours...
Interest in protection against solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) among the general public in Australia has been increasing steadily as a result of the `SunSmart' campaigns run by the various state cancer councils. This increasing awareness is due in part to the requirements for occupational protection of outdoor workers and to provision of UVR protection for the recreational market. Behaviour outdoors...
Most data on body site distribution of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) do not take into account the surface proportion occupied by body sites experiencing differing amounts of ultraviolet radiation. The recording of BCC and SCC is heterogenous and body sites are not standardized. This study was undertaken to assess the magnitude of the incidence rates of skin cancers at...
The effects of green and black tea consumption on the early indices of UVB and UVA+B skin damage in hairless mice have been studied in the absence of any chemical tumour initiators or promoters. Black tea consumption was associated with a reduction in the number of sunburn cells in the epidermis of mice 24 h after UVA+B irradiation, although there was no effect of green tea. Other indices of early...
UV-B irradiation (UVR) of the host, in both humans and animal models, induces dose-related acute and chronic changes in skin which include erythema and photoageing, and induction of cancer. It can also induce modulation of immune responses of the host to antigens presented following irradiation. Commercially-available, broad-spectrum, high SPF (15, 15+) sunscreens protect against most effects of UV...
High skin cancer rates, stratospheric ozone depletion and increased public interest and concern have resulted in a strong demand for solar ultraviolet radiation measurements and information. The Australian Radiation Laboratory (ARL) has been involved since the mid-1980s in the measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) using spectroradiometers (SRM) and a network of broadband detectors at 18...
The first indication that high dietary fat intake could influence the development of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin cancer in experimental animals was reported in 1939. In the 1980s a series of animal studies showed that a high level of dietary fat intake markedly shortened the time between UV exposure and tumor appearance and increased the number of tumors that developed. Further, high levels...
When stationary phase Escherichia coli K12 trp (amber) cells were exposed to UV doses ranging from 180-540 J m -2 , we found that we could not recover any induced Trp + revertants unless the irradiated cultures were first supplied with the Muc + mutation-enhancing IncP plasmid pKM101 (by conjugation). We also found that the numbers of UV-induced Trp + revertants...
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation contributes to the aetiology of melanoma, but the precise mechanistic details are still unclear. The CDKN2A gene which is associated with familial and sporadic melanoma, encodes a tumour suppressor, p16. We have previously shown that in response to low doses of UV radiation the level of p16 increases, and that this correlates with a G2 delay. Here we report that in melanoma...
Depletion of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) and the concomitant depression of the skin immune system after excessive exposure to ultraviolet B light (UVB) has been established in the international literature for some time. Our investigations were intended to determine whether or not these phenomena occurred as a direct result of increased LC migration being triggered by the UVB exposure. To test...
Our research has focused on bacterial gene products that protect cells from damage by near-ultraviolet radiation (near-UV) including gene products involved in the subsequent recovery process. Protective gene products include such anti-oxidants as catalases, superoxide dismutases and glutathione reductase. Near-UV damage recovery products include exonuclease III and DNA-glycosylases. Perhaps more critical...
Identification and characterisation of the genes involved in melanin pigment formation, together with the study of how their action is influenced by exposure to UV radiation, is providing a molecular understanding of the process of skin photoprotection through tanning. The mechanisms underlying this change in epidermal melanin involve both a transcriptional response of the pigmentation genes and post-translational...
The surface of most cells includes a coterie of resident proteins which act as receptors for a wide variety of ligands and other proteins which are potentially bioactive on cell-cell contact (juxtacrine effects), or else are released by enzyme activity to influence cell behaviour by autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. We previously found that UVC irradiation stimulates the release of TGFα from its...
The research summarised in this report suggests that the two UVB-absorbers, o-PABA and 2-EHMC, have different modes of protection against UV radiation-induced immunosuppression, carcinogenesis and histological alterations, that appear to be independent of their SPF values, within experimental limits. The UVB-absorber o-PABA appears offer a valuable level of protection against photocarcinogenesis.
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