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The introduction of wind-power generators to cover the energy needs of waste-water treatment plants in small, medium and large islands in the Aegean archipelagos has been investigated. Simple algorithms linking population with the additional electricity needed are developed. The availability of wind-power generation is estimated for the Weibull distribution and various sizes of wind turbines. Wind...
Pollutants of primary interest are SO x , CO, NO x , methane and other volatile organics, and particulate matter. First- and second-law efficiencies have been evaluated. Next, the turbulent flows of exhaust gases through the stack have been modeled for both natural draft stacks and stacks equipped with forced draft fans. Velocity and temperature profiles in the stacks and for the...
The role of single, flashing, binary cycles to improve the efficiency of conventional flash cycles is discussed. It is shown that single flashing cycles lead to lower capital cost. Some changes are proposed to ordinary, single, flashing, binary combined cycles. We have analyzed the effects of additional equipment and of the working fluid on cycle performance.
In this paper, an energy-process model with geometric distributed lag (GDL) demand, called the energy-GDL process model, is updated to aid in energy-related CO 2 emission control policy analysis. The updated model was formulated, constructed and solved with the updated GDL version of the Waterloo Energy Modelling System (WATEMS-GDL), which uses the new decoupling algorithm to calculate an...
The efficiencies of ORCs using cryogens such as benzene, ammonia, R11, R12, R134a and R113 as working fluids have been analyzed parametrically and compared. For operation between two isobaric curves, the system efficiency increases and decreases for wet and dry fluids, respectively, and the isentropic fluid achieves an approximately constant value for high turbine-inlet temperatures. These effects...
We present results of a study on energy-saving potential for office equipment including personal computer (PC) systems, printers, copiers, and facsimile machines in Thailand. Field surveys were undertaken to assess energy consumption in commercial buildings. The load patterns were monitored to determine the times spent in active, standby, suspend, and off modes. These data were combined with estimated...
This paper summarises modelling of an innovative domestic co-generation system, which may bring the significant economic and environmental advantages of CHP to the domestic market. Incorporation of a heat pump affords a high degree of flexibility. A hybrid plant could be run to satisfy a wide range of domestic energy requirements. A computer model was constructed to evaluate the plant performance...
We explore sets of measures by which Canada could achieve CO 2 emission reductions of 50% or 75%. Full implementation of cost-effective efficiency measures, combined with substantial fuel switching from coal and oil to natural gas (NG), will only slightly reduce Canadian CO 2 emissions in 2020 compared to 1991, given the high growth in energy-intensive industries assumed in the reference...
The R22 alternatives R32/125/152a and R290 and their mixtures have been analyzed and evaluated in a room air conditioner. The cooling capacities, energy efficiencies, compressor-discharge temperatures, and pressures of alternatives have been compared with R22. R32/125/152a mixtures were found to be the most effective coolants.
The classical equation of Liu and Jordan for estimating the monthly mean hourly to daily diffuse ratio (r d ) was tested for applicability to locations in Spain. While the model predicts the r d ratios and the monthly mean, hourly diffuse (I d ) values accurately at low hour angles close to solar noon, errors involved in the estimation increase rapidly as one approaches high...
The Stirling heat engine operating in a closed regenerative thermodynamic cycle is analyzed. Polytropic processes are used for the power and displacement pistons. Following regeneration, the maximum power density and efficiency are found and the compression ratio at maximum power density is determined.
The network method has been applied to a five-layer wall with thermal conductivities and heat-transfer coefficients varying with temperature. The following boundary conditions have been assumed on the exterior: (i) periodic incident radiative heat flux; (ii) natural convection of the surrounding air, the temperature of which varies periodically; and (iii) thermal radiation to a background sink.
Finite-time thermodynamics is used to study a compressor-driven, metal-hydride slurry air conditioner. Such a regenerative heat exchanger, the system has the potential to achieve high cooling power and efficiency. Important parameters such as the total heat conductance between reactors and reservoirs, pressure ratio of the compressor, mass ratio of slurry to hydrogen, compressor efficiency, heat...
We estimate energy consumption for domestic cooking and biogas energy resources for 21 clusters of households in a village. Data were analyzed on a cluster basis, with investments shared. Under the present conditions, biogas technology would not be economically viable. Economic analysis involving viability tools including additional benefits of biogas technology indicate that creating a market...
We examine the energy-consumption pattern of a village in Bangladesh where 100% of the households used biomass as cooking fuel and kerosene for lighting. The per capita biomass-energy consumption was 6.15 GJ/person/year with 1.72 GJ/household/year for lighting. The use of cooking fuel is influenced by the combined effects of population and total land area of the clusters. Population was found as...
An assessment is presented of the impact on system load shape of the application of cool-storage air-conditioning in the commercial sector of Thailand. A computer tool for least-cost planning is used to formulate an alternative power-development plan. Features of the resultant plan include an 8% reduction in the required capacity addition compared to a reference plan.
Test results from a demonstration of fuel-cell (FC) energy recovery and control of landfill gas emissions are presented. The project addressed two major issues: (i) the design, construction, and testing of a landfill-gas cleanup system; and (ii) a field test of a commercial phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plant operating on the cleaned landfill gas. A summary of test results on the cleanup...
Numerical simulations of gas-solid flows, heat transfer and gas-particle combustion have been conducted for a three-dimensional, W-shaped boiler furnace. The gas-particle flow, distributions of temperature and concentrations of gaseous constituents, distributions of the rates of heat release, burnout rates of coal particles, and formations of volatiles and CO have been predicted.
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