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We propose a simple method for estimating the likely energy savings in electric lighting due to daylighting and the possible cooling penalty. Fractions of the working year and cooling season when daylighting alone is adequate to provide the indoor design illuminance are presented for on-off and top-up controls. Based on the simple average daylight factor method, energy savings in electric lighting...
The problem of mean thermal radiation transfer in a fluctuating, statistically uniform medium, with spatial temperature distribution given by a generalized telegraphic process, is solved. The solution is based on the use of the Laplace transformation and replacement of an original temperature-fluctuation distribution function by another one, which practically does not distort average terms in the...
Aluminium manufacturing is highly energy-intensive and a large contributor of CO 2 . The emissions per tonne of aluminium manufacturing in India have been estimated. Demand for aluminium and associated CO 2 emissions have been projected for the industry as a whole for the years 2001/02 and 2006/07. The reduction potential in CO 2 emissions through energy-conservation measures...
We use a decomposition model to analyze changes Of CO 2 emission intensity in the developed countries for 1980-94. During this period, emission intensifies decreased by 33.26% from 788.7 u (1 u = 1 kg Of CO 2 /1000 US$ at 1990 prices) in 1980 to 591.9 u in 1994. The rate of decrease in CO 2 emission intensifies has decelerated; the decrease during the first 7-year period...
This study was undertaken to compare the economic viability in Johannesburg, R.S.A., of vertical ground-source and air-source systems. Capital costs and optimum borehole length of the ground system were determined. Monthly heating and cooling capacities, and COPs were evaluated to determine running costs. Payback periods, net present values and internal rates of return were computed. The vertical...
Environmental issues relating to air transport are analyzed. An inventory calculation system for air traffic is developed to determine annual fuel consumption and emissions. It uses airline data on routes, hours of flights, density of traffic, fleet mix, and ratings of engine manufacturers. It was applied to an airline company in Greece. Yearly environmental loads have been calculated and show...
Separate models correlating natural gas (NG) consumption to climate have been developed for the residential and commercial sectors of the 50 U.S. states. The models relate a population-weighted average temperature to state per capita NG consumption on a monthly basis. The majority of the models have Pearson correlation coefficients greater than 0.90 supporting the use of temperature as the sole...
The comminution process has exceedingly low efficiency because it is highly irreversible. An outline of energy analysis for comminution is presented. The application refers to an ore-processing plant, which consists of a series of crushers feeding a traditional ball mill that delivers products to a downstream metallurgical process. For optimization, the design characteristics are fixed, i.e. decision...
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