Serwis Infona wykorzystuje pliki cookies (ciasteczka). Są to wartości tekstowe, zapamiętywane przez przeglądarkę na urządzeniu użytkownika. Nasz serwis ma dostęp do tych wartości oraz wykorzystuje je do zapamiętania danych dotyczących użytkownika, takich jak np. ustawienia (typu widok ekranu, wybór języka interfejsu), zapamiętanie zalogowania. Korzystanie z serwisu Infona oznacza zgodę na zapis informacji i ich wykorzystanie dla celów korzytania z serwisu. Więcej informacji można znaleźć w Polityce prywatności oraz Regulaminie serwisu. Zamknięcie tego okienka potwierdza zapoznanie się z informacją o plikach cookies, akceptację polityki prywatności i regulaminu oraz sposobu wykorzystywania plików cookies w serwisie. Możesz zmienić ustawienia obsługi cookies w swojej przeglądarce.
Capsule endoscopy uses a disposable capsule that can image the entire small bowel. This area of the gastrointestinal tract is difficult to examine with conventional endoscopy because of patient discomfort and limits to how far the enteroscope can be advanced into the small bowel. The capsule weighs 3.7 g and is small enough to be swallowed (30 mm × 11 mm). Within the capsule are a camera, an LED light...
Malabsorption is a failure of normal absorption of nutrients in the gut. It differs from malnutrition, which is inadequate food intake. The principal types of malabsorption are generalized and specific.
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage may present as an acute, life-threatening emergency or as anaemia in patients with chronic blood loss. Diagnosis and management require a coordinated approach by physicians, surgeons and radiologists if morbidity and mortality are to be minimized.
Clinical diagnosis of oesophageal disease largely depends on an accurate history; physical examination is generally unrewarding. Symptoms of disordered transit (dysphagia, regurgitation) with pain typify oesophageal disease. Pain or chest discomfort (including retrosternal burning) alone is not specific to oesophageal disease; it may occur in various conditions ranging from angina pectoris to disease...
Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa. It is diagnosed and classified histologically because endoscopic appearances such as redness are often misleading. Gastritis is seldom if ever symptomatic, but can have important clinical sequelae, principally duodenal and gastric ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma and primary gastric lymphoma. The three most important causes of gastritis are Helicobacter...
During their lifetime, up to 30% of patients with ulcerative colitis require removal of their colon and rectum. Before the mid-1980s, all such patients received a permanent end ileostomy. The procedure of anastomosing a pouch or reservoir fashioned from the terminal ileum to the anal canal was then introduced, and will eventually more than halve the total number of patients with a permanent ileostomy...
Almost every individual suffers at least one episode of acute diarrhoea each year. Worldwide, diarrhoeal diseases are second only to cardiovascular diseases as a cause of death, and in some parts of the world they account for more years of potential life lost than all other causes combined. In the UK, diarrhoea is the most common illness after the common cold; acute diarrhoeal illnesses account for...
Disorders of the large bowel are common in the West. Colonic cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death; about 34,000 new cases are diagnosed each year in the UK. The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly Crohn's disease, continues to increase. Effective imaging to diagnose and document the extent of disease is essential. Imaging may be indicated to define...
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa characterized by relapses and remissions. The rectal mucosa is always involved, occasionally by microscopic inflammation alone, and the disease extends proximally (Figure 1).
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastro-intestinal tract of unknown aetiology. It can affect any part of the tract from mouth to anus, but most commonly affects the terminal ileum (35%) or the ileocaecal region (40%). The disease is confined to the colon in about 20% of patients, but even in these the rectum is often not involved.
Survival of patients with bowel cancer has changed little in the last 40 years. However, there have been considerable advances in surgical and medical management of the disease, focusing on improving quality of life and widening the spectrum of therapeutic options. In the last decade, surgical strategies have been adopted that are likely to lead to survival benefits in the future. This contribution...
Colorectal carcinoma is the second most common cause of death from cancer in Westernized countries, accounting for 15% of cancer deaths in the UK in 1999. The incidence of colorectal cancer increases steeply after the age of 40 years; the lifetime risk is about 5% in the UK. Although there are several well-known high-risk groups (Figure 1), 75% of cases are sporadic. In most populations worldwide,...
Microscopic colitis is defined by the triad of: • chronic watery diarrhoea • normal colonoscopy • increased inflammation of the lamina propria of the colon. The term 'microscopic colitis' embraces two well-defined conditions–collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. Collagenous colitis was first described in 1976 and is characterized by a thickened subepithelial collagen plate (Figure...
Constipation can be defined as a bowel frequency of fewer than three motions per week or the need to strain more than 25% of the time during defecation. According to these criteria, bowel frequency is normal in 99% of the population. Most adults with an abnormally low bowel frequency are women. In Western societies, 10-20% of adults believe themselves to be constipated and a similar proportion regularly...
Lining of anal canal (Figure 1) —the upper anal canal is lined with columnar epithelium; it has an autonomic nerve supply and is insensitive, except to distension. The lower anal canal is lined with stratified squamous epithelium similar to the adjacent skin, but without skin appendages; it has a somatic nerve supply and is exquisitely sensitive. The anal transition zone lies between these two areas,...
The physician-patient relationship is one of trust. Patients trust their doctor to help them, and physicians take it for granted that the patient's history is factual. However, there are several syndromes that depend on a patient's lie. These may involve obvious secondary gain, as in the case of the prisoner who swallows a foreign body to escape the tedium of his cell, or the malingerer who seeks...
The periampullary cancers comprise duodenal, ampullary and distal bile duct cancers; the most common is ductal carcinoma of the pancreas, which has a prevalence of 10/100,000 population. The incidence of distal bile duct cancers is increasing. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis, male gender, greater age, hereditary pancreatitis and familial cancer syndromes predispose to pancreatic cancer...
The gut constitutes part of the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue. It has two important and conflicting immune functions—to produce specific immune tolerance to food antigens, and to provide immune protection against potential pathogens. The gut immune system comprises intra-epithelial lymphocytes, which are predominantly CD8 effector cells, and lamina propria lymphocytes, which are mainly CD4 helper...
Podaj zakres dat dla filtrowania wyświetlonych wyników. Możesz podać datę początkową, końcową lub obie daty. Daty możesz wpisać ręcznie lub wybrać za pomocą kalendarza.