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Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is an important medical emergency. Outcome and treatment are dependent upon the presence or absence of liver disease. The most important non-variceal cause is peptic ulcer. Prognosis is dependent upon the severity of bleeding, endoscopic findings and the presence of medical comorbidity. Endoscopy is undertaken only after resuscitation is optimized and is done to achieve...
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) has an estimated prevalence in Western society of 10–20%. It is characterized by intermittent incompetence of the gastro-oesophageal junction leading to reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. Hiatus hernia with an associated ‘acid pocket’ frequently co-exists and facilitates this process, resulting in more severe GORD. The clinical presentation of...
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