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The calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling pathways have crucial roles in development from fertilization through differentiation to organogenesis. In the nervous system, Ca 2+ signals are important regulators for various neuronal functions, including formation and maturation of neuronal circuits and long-term memory. However, Ca 2+ signals are mainly involved in the earliest steps of nervous...
Ca 2+ is a crucial second messenger that is involved in mediating responses to various biotic and abiotic environmental cues and in the regulation of many developmental processes in plants. Intracellular Ca 2+ signals are realized by spatially and temporally defined changes in Ca 2+ concentration that represent stimulus-specific Ca 2+ signatures. These Ca 2+ ...
Mitochondria sense and shape cytosolic Ca 2+ signals by taking up and subsequently releasing Ca 2+ ions during physiological and pathological Ca 2+ elevations. Sustained elevations in the mitochondrial matrix Ca 2+ concentration are increasingly recognized as a defining feature of the intracellular cascade of lethal events that occur in neurons during cerebral ischemia...
Calmodulin (CaM) is a primary calcium sensor in all eukaryotes. It binds calcium and regulates the activity of a wide range of effector proteins in response to calcium signals. The list of CaM targets includes plant-specific proteins whose functions are progressively being elucidated. Plants also possess numerous calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) that appear to have evolved unique functions. Functional...
The calcium ion is probably one of the most studied second messenger both in plant and animal fields. A large number of reviews have browsed the diversity of cytosolic calcium signatures and evaluated their pleiotropic roles in plant and animal cells. In the recent years, an increasing number of reviews has focused on nuclear calcium, especially on the possible roles of nuclear calcium concentration...
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are non-selective cation channels permeable to calcium, present in animals and plants. In mammals, glutamate is a well-known neurotransmitter and recently has been recognized as an immunomodulator. As animals and plants share common mechanisms that govern innate immunity with calcium playing a key role in plant defence activation, we have checked the involvement...
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