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We have developed a system for revealing informative and useful haplotypes for the human Y chromosome using PCR. Variant alphoid satellite DNA subunits were amplified and analysed by digestion with HindIII to score a restriction site polymorphism, or on polyacrylamide gels to reveal 13 heteroduplex haplotypes. Heteroduplexes are double-stranded DNA molecules containing mismatches; the haplotype...
Nucleotide variation was examined in an 8 kb intronic DNA bordering exon 44 of the human dystrophin gene on Xp21. Thirty-six polymorphisms (substitutions, small insertions/deletions and one (T) n microsatellite) were found using SSCP/heteroduplex analysis of DNA samples from mixed Europeans, Papua New Guineans as well as from six African, three Asian and two Amerindian populations. In this...
We present the second human Y-specific minisatellite, MSY2 (DYS440). It consists of three or four copies of a 99-110bp repeat unit and is located about 1kb upstream of the DBY gene. The most common allele contains four units, but a three-unit allele has arisen on at least four occasions; in chimpanzees and orangutans, MSY2 contains only two units. It is therefore evolving slowly and provides a particularly...
We have investigated nucleotide polymorphism at the esterase 6 gene (Est-6) gene, including the complete coding region (1686 bp), as well as the 5'-flanking (1183 bp) and 3'-flanking (193 bp) regions of the gene, in 30 strains of Drosophila melanogaster and in one strain of Drosophila simulans. The level of silent variation is similar in the coding and in the 3'-flanking region, but smaller in the...
Microsatellites have become one of the most powerful genetic markers in biology. We have used DNA sequencing to characterize a highly variable microsatellite (GAAA) locus in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne artiellia. The use of microsatellite flanking primers produced four amplification products that are defined as electromorphs, based on conventional length criteria. The sequencing of these four...
We describe DNA sequence polymorphisms at six loci (Acp26Aa, Acp26Ab, Acp29AB, Idgf1, Idgf3 and Ddc), all on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster in one natural European population. Previous studies considering these loci separately showed that some of them were affected by natural selection. However, demographic processes or population admixture can produce footprints similar to natural...
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