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The effects of compression, positive-grid growth, electrolyte stratification and uniformity across a series string of cells during deep-cycling service of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries are considered. Without adequate control, each of these will cause premature failure. Although substantial improvements in cycleability have been made in recent years, more understanding and optimization of these...
In the 1980s, most of the European lead producers and battery manufacturers had an interest in the lead-calcium alloys developed in the North American market. Fifteen years later, the alloy is used in most of the automotive and industrial batteries produced in Europe. During this development period, the composition of lead-calcium alloy has been improved. Physical metallurgy and electrochemistry research...
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